Relation Between Mathematics Self-Efficacy, Mathematics Anxiety, Behavioural Engagement, and Mathematics Achievement in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Review
2.1.1. The Relationships Between Self-Efficacy, Mathematics Anxiety, Behavioural Engagement, and Mathematics Achievement
2.1.2. The Relationships Between Self-Efficacy, Mathematics Anxiety, and Behavioural Engagement
2.1.3. Considerations of Gender in Mathematics-Related Constructs
2.1.4. SES Differences
2.2. The Present Study: Aims and Hypotheses
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Data
2.3.2. Measures
Mathematics Self-Efficacy
Mathematics Anxiety
Behavioural Engagement
Mathematics Achievement
Gender
SES
2.4. Analytic Strategy
- Model 1: A model that did not impose equal constraints.
- Model 2: A model that imposed equal constraints on the intercept.
- Model 3: A model that imposed equal constraints on the intercept and variance.
- Model 4: A model that imposed equal constraints on the intercept, variance, and path coefficient.
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlations
3.2. Testing the Hypothetical Model Through Path Analysis
3.3. Testing Gender Differences in the Hypothetical Model Through Multiple-Group Structural Equation Modelling
3.4. Testing SES Differences in the Hypothetical Model Through Multiple-Group Structural Equation Modelling
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications for Education and Practices
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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M | SD | α | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. MALE | 0.50 | 0.50 | ― | ― | |||||
2. SES | −0.01 | 0.71 | ― | 0.00 [−0.03, 0.03] | ― | ||||
3. MATHEFF | −0.49 | 1.23 | 0.87 | 0.14 *** [0.11, 0.16] | 0.26 *** [0.23, 0.28] | ― | |||
4. MATHEF21 | −0.40 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.20 *** [0.17, 0.22] | 0.19 *** [0.16, 0.21] | 0.67 *** [0.65, 0.69] | ― | ||
5. ANXMAT | 0.33 | 1.12 | 0.87 | −0.15 *** [−0.18, −0.13] | 0.00 [−0.03, 0.02] | −0.34 *** [−0.37, −0.32] | −0.41 *** [−0.43, −0.38] | ― | |
6. BEHENG | −0.05 | 0.94 | 0.64 | −0.03 * [−0.06, −0.01] | 0.11 *** [0.08, 0.14] | 0.28 *** [0.25, 0.30] | 0.29 *** [0.26, 0.31] | −0.24 *** [−0.26, −0.21] | ― |
7. MATHACHI | 536.27 | 93.01 | ― | 0.05 *** [0.02, 0.08] | 0.35 *** [0.32, 0.37] | 0.51 *** [0.49, 0.54] | 0.33 *** [0.31, 0.36] | −0.15 *** [−0.17, −0.12] | 0.13 *** [0.11, 0.16] |
MATHEFF | MATHEF21 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | B | SE B | β | 95%CI for B | B | SE B | β | 95%CI for B |
MALE | 0.34 *** | 0.04 | 0.14 | [0.26, 0.42] | 0.40 *** | 0.03 | 0.20 | [0.35, 0.46] |
ESCS | 0.45 *** | 0.04 | 0.26 | [0.36, 0.53] | 0.27 *** | 0.03 | 0.19 | [0.22, 0.32] |
MATHEFF | ||||||||
MATHEF21 | ||||||||
ANXMAT | ||||||||
BEHENG | ||||||||
R2 | 0.09 | 0.08 | ||||||
ANXMAT | BEHENG | |||||||
Predictor | B | SE B | β | 95%CI for B | B | SE B | β | 95%CI for B |
MALE | −0.15 *** | 0.03 | −0.07 | [−0.21, −0.10] | −0.20 *** | 0.03 | −0.10 | [−0.25, −0.14] |
ESCS | 0.15 *** | 0.02 | 0.10 | [0.11, 0.19] | 0.06 ** | 0.02 | 0.05 | [0.02, 0.10] |
MATHEFF | −0.14 *** | 0.02 | −0.15 | [−0.17, −0.10] | 0.10 *** | 0.01 | 0.13 | [0.07, 0.12] |
MATHEF21 | −0.35 *** | 0.02 | −0.31 | [−0.39, −0.30] | 0.15 *** | 0.02 | 0.16 | [0.11, 0.18] |
ANXMAT | −0.12 *** | 0.02 | −0.15 | [−0.16, −0.09] | ||||
BEHENG | ||||||||
R2 | 0.19 | 0.12 | ||||||
MATHACHI | ||||||||
Predictor | B | SE B | β | 95%CI for B | ||||
MALE | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.01 | [−0.11, 0.05] | ||||
ESCS | 0.41 *** | 0.03 | 0.24 | [0.35, 0.48] | ||||
MATHEFF | 0.49 *** | 0.02 | 0.49 | [0.45, 0.54] | ||||
MATHEF21 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 | [−0.06, 0.02] | ||||
ANXMAT | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | [−0.02, 0.04] | ||||
BEHENG | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 | [−0.06, 0.01] | ||||
R2 | 0.34 |
Male | Female | t | Cohen’s d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||
SES | −0.01 | 0.70 | −0.01 | 0.72 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
MATHEFF | −0.33 | 1.30 | −0.66 | 1.13 | 8.34 *** | 0.27 |
MATHEF21 | −0.20 | 1.07 | −0.60 | 0.90 | 13.47 *** | 0.41 |
ANXMAT | 0.16 | 1.15 | 0.49 | 1.07 | 11.59 *** | 0.30 |
BEHENG | −0.08 | 0.98 | −0.01 | 0.89 | 2.20 * | 0.07 |
MATHACHI | 540.06 | 98.35 | 531.15 | 86.64 | 2.17 * | 0.10 |
Model | AIC | BIC | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 607,350.00 | 608,052.40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Model 2 | 607,643.20 | 608,259.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Model 3 | 607,759.90 | 608,283.40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Model 4 | 607,774.40 | 608,205.10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
High SES | Middle SES | Low SES | F (2, 77) | η2 | Multiple Comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
SES | 0.86 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.29 | −0.96 | 0.37 | 8139.41 *** | 0.82 | H > M > L |
MALE | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.00 | |
MATHEFF | −0.10 | 1.26 | −0.49 | 1.16 | −0.90 | 1.21 | 63.57 *** | 0.05 | H > M > L |
MATHEF21 | −0.15 | 1.01 | −0.41 | 0.98 | −0.63 | 0.99 | 52.25 *** | 0.03 | H > M > L |
ANXMAT | 0.31 | 1.12 | 0.34 | 1.12 | 0.32 | 1.12 | 0.44 | 0.00 | |
BEHENG | 0.08 | 0.91 | −0.04 | 0.94 | −0.17 | 0.96 | 20.61 *** | 0.01 | H > M > L |
MATHACHI | 575.30 | 88.79 | 537.41 | 87.93 | 494.36 | 87.33 | 84.18 *** | 0.10 | H > M > L |
Model | AIC | BIC | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 607,534.70 | 608,687.80 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Model 2 | 607,518.20 | 608,498.90 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Model 3 | 607,515.00 | 608,310.20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Model 4 | 607,489.30 | 608,032.70 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
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Shimizu, Y. Relation Between Mathematics Self-Efficacy, Mathematics Anxiety, Behavioural Engagement, and Mathematics Achievement in Japan. Psychol. Int. 2025, 7, 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7020036
Shimizu Y. Relation Between Mathematics Self-Efficacy, Mathematics Anxiety, Behavioural Engagement, and Mathematics Achievement in Japan. Psychology International. 2025; 7(2):36. https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7020036
Chicago/Turabian StyleShimizu, Yuno. 2025. "Relation Between Mathematics Self-Efficacy, Mathematics Anxiety, Behavioural Engagement, and Mathematics Achievement in Japan" Psychology International 7, no. 2: 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7020036
APA StyleShimizu, Y. (2025). Relation Between Mathematics Self-Efficacy, Mathematics Anxiety, Behavioural Engagement, and Mathematics Achievement in Japan. Psychology International, 7(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7020036