Examining Anti-Poverty Programs to Address Student’s Unmet Basic Needs at Texas Hispanic-Serving Institutions over the Course of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Context of Texas Hispanic-Serving Institutions
3. Basic Needs Initiatives as Anti-Poverty Programs to Meet Unmet Student Needs
4. Methods and Materials
5. Participants and Procedures
6. Survey Instrument and Institutional Data
6.1. Sample of Texas Hispanic-Serving Institutions
6.2. Analyses
7. Results
7.1. Changes in Basic Needs Services between Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic
7.2. Anticipated Changes to the Post-Pandemic Basic Needs Services
7.3. Associations between Institution Type and Specific Basic Needs Programs
7.4. Association between Percentage of Students on Pell and Specific Basic Needs Programs
8. Discussion
8.1. What Changes Occurred in Basic Needs Offerings over the Course of the Pandemic?
8.2. Were Specific Types of Basic Needs Programs Associated with Institutional and/or Student Characteristics?
8.3. Texas Hispanic-Serving Institutions and the COVID-19 Pandemic
8.4. Limitations
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number and Percent of Institutions Offering Basic Needs Program | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic Needs Programs | Before Pandemic Number Percent | During Pandemic Number Percent | Relative Percent Change | ||
Percent Change Increase in Number of Institutions Offering BNI | |||||
Emergency Financial Assistance | 32 | 74.4% | 37 | 86.0% | +15.6% |
Free Meals or Food Vouchers | 19 | 44.2% | 21 | 48.8% | +10.5% |
Mental Health Referrals to Low-cost Off-Campus Services | 38 | 88.4% | 40 | 93.0% | +5.3% |
On-campus Physical Health Services | 22 | 51.2% | 23 | 53.5% | +4.5% |
Community-based Social Services Agency Referrals | 41 | 95.3% | 42 | 97.7% | +2.4% |
Employ Students | 41 | 95.3% | 42 | 97.7% | +2.4% |
No Change in Number of Institutions Offering BNI | |||||
On-campus Mental Health Services | 39 | 90.7% | 39 | 90.7% | 0% |
Physical Health Referrals to Low-cost Off-campus Services | 36 | 83.7% | 36 | 83.7% | 0% |
Help Applying for Public Services such as WIC or SNAP | 22 | 51.2% | 22 | 51.2% | 0% |
Subsidized Meal Plans | 5 | 11.6% | 5 | 11.6% | 0% |
Percent Change Decrease in Number of Institutions Offering BNI | |||||
Preschool for Students’ Children | 20 | 46.5% | 15 | 34.9% | −25.0% |
Free Business Clothing for Job Interviews or Jobs | 29 | 67.4% | 22 | 51.2% | −24.1% |
After-school Care for Students’ Children | 7 | 16.3% | 6 | 14.0% | −14.3% |
Free “Everyday” Clothing | 8 | 18.6% | 7 | 16.3% | −12.5% |
On-campus Free Food Pantry | 36 | 83.7% | 33 | 76.7% | −8.3% |
Free or Subsidized Transportation to and From Campus | 29 | 67.4% | 27 | 62.8% | −6.9% |
Emergency Housing Assistance | 24 | 55.8% | 23 | 53.5% | −4.2% |
Basic Needs Programs | Planned to Offer | Relative Percent Change from Before the Pandemic | |
---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | ||
Increase in Number of Institutions Offering BNI from Before the Pandemic | |||
Free “Everyday” Clothing | 10 | 23.8% | +25.0% |
Free Meals or Food Vouchers | 20 | 46.5% | +5.3% |
Help Applying for Public Services such as WIC or SNAP | 23 | 53.5% | +4.5% |
On-campus Free Food Pantry | 37 | 86.0% | +2.8% |
No Change in Number of Institutions Offering BNI | |||
Employ Students | 41 | 95.3% | 0 |
Community-Based Social Services Agency Referrals | 41 | 95.3% | 0 |
On-campus Mental Health Services | 39 | 90.7% | 0 |
On-campus Physical Health Services | 22 | 51.2% | 0 |
Decrease in Number of Institutions Offering BNI from Before the Pandemic | |||
Mental Health Referrals to Low-cost Off-campus Low Services | 37 | 86.0% | −2.6% |
Physical Health Referrals to Low-cost Off-campus Low Services | 35 | 81.4% | −2.8% |
Emergency Financial Assistance | 30 | 69.8% | −6.3% |
Emergency Housing Assistance | 20 | 46.5% | −16.7% |
Free Business Clothing for Job Interviews or Jobs | 24 | 55.8% | −17.2% |
Subsidized Meal Plans | 4 | 9.3% | −20.0% |
Preschool Care for Students’ Children | 16 | 37.2% | −20.0% |
Free or Subsidized Transportation to and From Campus | 22 | 51.2% | −31.8% |
After-school Care for Students’ Children | 5 | 11.6% | −40.0% |
Basic Needs Program Category | 2 Year Institution | 4 Year Institution | Chi-Square (df = 1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Percent | Count | Percent | |||
On-campus Free Food Pantry | Prior | 14 | 77.8% | 22 | 88.0% | 0.802 |
After | 15 | 83.3% | 22 | 88.0% | 0.190 | |
Free Meals or Vouchers | Prior | 11 | 61.1% | 8 | 33.3% | 3.204 * |
After | 11 | 61.1% | 9 | 36.0% | 2.652 | |
Subsidized Meal Plans | Prior | 3 | 16.7% | 2 | 8.0% | 0.765 |
After | 3 | 16.7% | 1 | 4% | 1.990 | |
Transportation | Prior | 11 | 61.1% | 18 | 72.0% | 0.565 |
After | 11 | 61.1% | 11 | 44% | 1.226 | |
Emergency Housing | Prior | 11 | 61.1% | 13 | 52% | 0.352 |
After | 10 | 55.6% | 10 | 40% | 1.018 | |
Help Applying for Public Services such as WIC or SNAP | Prior | 11 | 61.1% | 11 | 45.8% | 0.963 |
After | 12 | 66.7% | 11 | 44% | 2.161 | |
Refer to Community Services | Prior | 17 | 94.4% | 24 | 96% | 0.057 |
After | 17 | 94.4% | 24 | 96% | 0.057 | |
Emergency Financial Assistance | Prior | 12 | 66.7% | 20 | 80% | 0.977 |
After | 12 | 66.7% | 18 | 72% | 0.141 | |
Free “Everyday” Clothing | Prior | 3 | 16.7% | 5 | 20% | 0.077 |
After | 5 | 27.8% | 5 | 20% | 0.355 | |
Business Clothing | Prior | 11 | 61.1% | 18 | 72% | 0.565 |
After | 10 | 55.6% | 14 | 56% | 0.001 | |
On-campus Mental Health Services | Prior | 18 | 100% | 21 | 84% | 3.175 * |
After | 18 | 100% | 21 | 84% | 3.175 * | |
Mental Health Referrals to Low-cost Off-campus Services | Prior | 16 | 88.9% | 22 | 95.7% | 0.681 |
After | 15 | 83.3% | 22 | 88% | 0.190 | |
On-campus Physical Health Services | Prior | 6 | 33.3% | 16 | 64.0% | 3.939 ** |
After | 6 | 33.3% | 16 | 64.0% | 3.939 ** | |
Physical Health Referrals to Low-cost Off-campus Services | Prior | 14 | 77.8% | 22 | 88% | 0.802 |
After | 14 | 77.8% | 21 | 84% | 0.268 | |
Preschool Childcare | Prior | 10 | 55.6% | 10 | 40% | 1.018 |
After | 8 | 44.4% | 8 | 32% | 0.694 | |
After-school Care for Students’ Children | Prior | 6 | 33.3% | 1 | 4.0% | 6.607 ** |
After | 4 | 22.2% | 1 | 4.0% | 3.382 * | |
Employ Students | Prior | 16 | 88.9% | 25 | 100% | 2.913 * |
After | 17 | 94.4% | 24 | 96% | 0.057 |
Percentage of Students Receiving Pell Grant | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic Needs Program Type | 27% or Fewer | 28–39% | 40% or More | Chi-Square (df = 2) | ||||
Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |||
On-campus Free Food Pantry | Prior | 9 | 64.3% | 13 | 92.9% | 13 | 92.9% | 5.486 |
After | 9 | 64.3% | 14 | 100% | 13 | 92.9% | 8.167 * | |
Free Meals or Vouchers | Prior | 5 | 38.5% | 7 | 50% | 7 | 50% | 0.475 |
After | 5 | 35.7% | 8 | 57.1% | 7 | 50% | 1.336 | |
Subsidized Meal Plans | Prior | 2 | 14.3% | 2 | 14.3% | 1 | 7.1% | 0.454 |
After | 1 | 7.1% | 2 | 14.3% | 1 | 7.1% | 0.553 | |
Transportation | Prior | 9 | 64.3% | 8 | 57.1% | 11 | 78.6% | 1.500 |
After | 8 | 57.1% | 6 | 42.9% | 8 | 57.1% | 0.764 | |
Emergency Housing | Prior | 8 | 57.1% | 7 | 50% | 8 | 57.1% | 0.192 |
After | 7 | 50% | 6 | 42.9% | 6 | 42.9% | 0.192 | |
Help Applying for Public Services | Prior | 4 | 28.6% | 5 | 35.7% | 12 | 92.3% | 13.005 * |
After | 7 | 50% | 4 | 28.6% | 12 | 85.7% | 9.419 * | |
Community-based Social Service Agency Referrals | Prior | 12 | 85.7% | 14 | 100% | 14 | 100% | 4.200 |
After | 12 | 85.7% | 14 | 100% | 14 | 100% | 4.200 | |
Emergency Financial Assistance | Prior | 9 | 64.3% | 11 | 78.6% | 11 | 78.6% | 0.985 |
After | 10 | 71.4% | 10 | 71.4% | 9 | 64.3% | 0.223 | |
Free “Everyday” Clothing | Prior | 4 | 28.6% | 2 | 14.3% | 2 | 14.3% | 1.235 |
After | 4 | 28.6% | 3 | 21.4% | 3 | 21.4% | 0.263 | |
Business Clothing | Prior | 8 | 57.1% | 11 | 78.6% | 9 | 64.3% | 1.500 |
After | 7 | 50% | 10 | 71.4% | 3 | 42.9% | 2.499 | |
On-campus Mental Health Services | Prior | 13 | 92.9% | 13 | 92.9% | 12 | 85.7% | 0.553 |
After | 13 | 92.9% | 13 | 92.9% | 12 | 85.7% | 0.553 | |
Mental Health Referral to Low-cost Off-campus Services | Prior | 11 | 91.7% | 13 | 92.9% | 13 | 92.9% | 0.017 |
After | 11 | 78.6% | 12 | 85.7% | 13 | 92.9% | 1.167 | |
On-campus Physical Health Services | Prior | 5 | 35.7% | 8 | 57.1% | 8 | 57.1% | 1.714 |
After | 4 | 28.6% | 8 | 57.1% | 9 | 64.3% | 4.000 | |
Physical Health Referrals to Low-cost Off-campus Services | Prior | 8 | 57.1% | 13 | 92.9% | 14 | 100% | 10.629 * |
After | 8 | 57.1% | 12 | 85.7% | 14 | 100% | 8.647 * | |
Preschool childcare | Prior | 6 | 42.9% | 7 | 50% | 6 | 42.9% | 0.192 |
After | 4 | 28.6% | 7 | 50% | 4 | 28.6% | 1.867 | |
After-school Care for Students’ Children | Prior | 2 | 14.3% | 2 | 14.3% | 2 | 14.3% | 0.000 |
After | 1 | 7.1% | 2 | 14.3% | 1 | 7.1% | 0.553 | |
Employ students | Prior | 13 | 92.9% | 14 | 100% | 13 | 92.9% | 1.050 |
After | 13 | 92.9% | 14 | 100% | 13 | 92.9% | 1.050 |
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Zottarelli, L.K.; Sunil, T.; Xu, X.; Chowdhury, S. Examining Anti-Poverty Programs to Address Student’s Unmet Basic Needs at Texas Hispanic-Serving Institutions over the Course of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Trends High. Educ. 2024, 3, 34-49. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3010003
Zottarelli LK, Sunil T, Xu X, Chowdhury S. Examining Anti-Poverty Programs to Address Student’s Unmet Basic Needs at Texas Hispanic-Serving Institutions over the Course of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Trends in Higher Education. 2024; 3(1):34-49. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleZottarelli, Lisa K., Thankam Sunil, Xiaohe Xu, and Shamatanni Chowdhury. 2024. "Examining Anti-Poverty Programs to Address Student’s Unmet Basic Needs at Texas Hispanic-Serving Institutions over the Course of the COVID-19 Pandemic" Trends in Higher Education 3, no. 1: 34-49. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3010003