Performance of the Napier Hybrid Cultivars CO-5 (Pennisetum glaucum × P. Purpureum schumach) and Sampoorna (Pennisetum pedicillatum × P. americanum) Harvested at Five Intervals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Planting Material, Experimental Design, and Plant Establishment
2.3. Plant Measurement and Biomass Sampling Procedures
2.4. Forage Sample Laboratory Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Forage Growth Characters
3.2. Forage Production
3.3. Nutrient Composition
4. Discussion
4.1. Forage Growth Characters
4.2. Forage Biomass Production
4.3. Nutritional Quality Parameters
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Department of Animal Production & Health. DAPH Annual Report; Department of Animal Production & Health: Kandy, Sri Lanka, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Houwers, W.; Wouters, B.; Vernooji, A. Sri Lanka Fodder Study: An Overview of Potential, Bottlenecks and Improvements to Meet the Rising Demand for Quality Fodder in Sri Lanka; Wageningen UR Livestock Research: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2015; pp. 1–38. [Google Scholar]
- Ibrahim, M.N.M.; Staal, S.J.; Daniel, S.L.A.; Thorpe, W. Appraisal of the Sri Lanka dairy sector. In Main Report; Ministry of Livestock Development and Estate Infrastructure: Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1999; Volume 1, p. 97. [Google Scholar]
- Hegde, N.G. Positive Attitude for Good Health and Happiness; Nature Cure Ashram: Pune, India, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Hanna, W.W.; Chaparro, C.J.; Mathews, B.W.; Burns, J.C.; Sollenberger, L.E.; Carpenter, J.R. Perennial Pennisetums. In Warm-Season (C4) Grasses; Moser, L.E., Burson, B.L., Sollenberger, L.E., Eds.; American Society of Agronomy Monograph Series Madison: Madison, WI, USA, 2004; Volume 45, pp. 503–553. [Google Scholar]
- Anderson, W.F.; Dien, B.S.; Bradson, S.K.; Peterson, J.D. Assessment of Bermuda grass and bunch grasses as feed stocks for conversion to ethanol. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2008, 145, 13–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jothirathna, M.W.H.H.; Weerasinghe, W.M.P.B.; Seresinghe, T.; Manawadu, A.; Kumara Mahipala, M.B.P. Forage growth, yield, and quality responses of two hybrids of Napier and sorghum at three cutting intervals in the southern province of Sri Lanka. J. Land Manag. Food Environ. 2022, 73, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bandara, P.G.G.; Premalal, G.G.C.; Nayananjalie, W.A.D. Comparison of yield, nutritive value and silage quality of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and maize (Zea mays) with hybrid napier variety CO-3. Rajarata Univ. J. 2016, 4, 26–31. [Google Scholar]
- Sarmini, M.; Premaratne, S. Yield and nutritional quality potential of three fodder grasses in the northern region of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka. Trop. Agric. Res. 2017, 28, 175–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Premaratne, S.; Premalal, G.G.C. A resourceful fodder grass for dairy development in Sri Lanka. J. Agric. Sci. 2006, 2, 22–33. [Google Scholar]
- Kadam, S.S.; Kumar, A.; Arif, M. Hybrid Napier for round the year quality fodder supply to the dairy industry-A review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2017, 6, 47–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hossain, A.; Sherasia, P.; Phondba, B. Effect of feeding green fodder-based diet in lactating buffaloes: Milk production, economics and methane emission. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 2017, 70, 767–773. [Google Scholar]
- Babu, C.; Iyanar, K.; Kalamani, A. High green fodder yielding new grass varieties. Electron. J. Plant Breed. 2014, 5, 220–229. [Google Scholar]
- Anthony, S.; Thomas, C.G. Nutritive quality of hybrid Napier cultivars grown under rainfed ecosystem. J. Trop. Agric. 2014, 52, 90–93. [Google Scholar]
- Jothirathne, M.W.H.H.; Serasinghe, T.; Weerasinghe, W.M.P.B.; Manawadu, A.; Kumara Mhipala, M.B.P. Assessing the contribution on methane production of three fodders during the Maha season in Sri lanka. In Proceedings of the Vauniya University Research Conference, Vavuniya, Sri Lanka, 15 October 2021; pp. 71–74. [Google Scholar]
- Samarawickrama, L.L.; Jayakody, J.D.G.K.; Premaratne, S.; Herath, M.P.S.K.; Somasiri, S.C. Yield, nutritive value and fermentation characteristics of pakchong-1 (Pennisetum purpureum × Pennisetum glaucum) in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka J. Anim. Prod. 2015, 10, 25–37. [Google Scholar]
- Antony, S. Performance of Hybrid Napier Cultivars under Rainfed Conditions. Master’s Thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Weather Forecast, Department of Meterology, Sri Lanka. Available online: http://www.meteo.gov.lk/index.php?lang=en (accessed on 25 August 2021).
- Anonymous. International Livestock Research Institute, Demonstration of New varieties of fodder crops. In Fodder and Fodder Production in Different Agro Climatic Zones and Its Utilization of Livestock of Odisha; International Livestock Research Institute: Karnataka, India, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Gardner, F.P.; Pearce, R.B.; Mitchell, R.L. Physiology of Crop Plants; The Iowa University Press: Iowa City, IA, USA, 1995; p. 327. [Google Scholar]
- AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th ed.; Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Rockville, MD, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Van Soest, P.J.; Robertson, J.B. Analysis of forages and fibrous foods. In A Laboratory Manual for Animal Science; Cornell University: New York, NY, USA, 1985; p. 613. [Google Scholar]
- Menke, K.H.; Steingass, H. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 1988, 28, 7–55. [Google Scholar]
- Makkar, H.P.S. In vitro gas methods for evaluation of feeds containing physiochemicals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2005, 123–124, 291–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Australian Fodder Industry Association Inc. AFIA-Laboratory Methods Manual; Australian Fodder Industry Association Inc.: Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Adeniyi, S.A.; Orjiekwe, C.L.; Ehiagbonare, J.E. Determination of alkaloids and oxalates in some selected food samples in Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2009, 8, 110–112. [Google Scholar]
- Minitab Statistical Software, Version 16; Minitab Incorporation: State College, PA, USA, 2016.
- Sharma, S.; Korake, R.; Bharad, R.; Singh, R. Effect of climate change on production of hybrid Napier (DHN-6) grass on milk yield. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2019, 8, 3064–3066. [Google Scholar]
- Biradar, S.A.; Shreedhar, J.N.; Ubhalee, P. Economics and varietal performance of hybrid Napier and guinea grass under irrigated conditions of northern Karnataka. Forage Res. 2014, 40, 95–97. [Google Scholar]
- Maleko, D.; Mwilawa, A.; Msalya, G.; Pasape, L.; Mtei, K. Forage growth, yield and nutritional characteristics of four varieties of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) in the west Usambara highlands, Tanzania. Sci. Afr. 2019, 6, e00214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wangchuk, K.; Rai, K.; Nirola, H.; Thukten Dendup, C.; Mongar, D. Forage growth, yield and quality responses of Napier hybrid grass varieties to three cutting intervals in the Himalayan foothills. Trop. Grassl. Forrajes Trop. 2015, 3, 142–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Assuero, S.G.; Tognetti, J.A. Tillering regulation by endogenous and environmental factors and its agricultural management. Am. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol. 2010, 4, 35–48. [Google Scholar]
- Mc Donald, P.; Edwards, R.A.; Greenhalgh, G.F.D.; Morgan, C.A. Animal Nutrition, 6th ed.; Cab Direct: Glasgow, Scotland, 2002; pp. 496–504. [Google Scholar]
- Minson, D.J. Forage in Ruminant Nutrition; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1990; p. 482. [Google Scholar]
- Ramya, S.; Ramesh, V.; Muralidharan, J.; Purushothaman, M.R. Fodder yield and chemical composition of hybrid Napier and multi-cut Sorghum fodder at different stages of cutting. Indian J. Small Rumin. 2017, 23, 181–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, D.; Garg, A.K. Herbage yield, quality and nutrients composition of Bajra Napier (BN) hybrid grass varieties under Central Gujarat condition. In Proceedings of the XXIII International Grassland Congress, New Delhi, India, 24 November 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Hozumi, E.; Weston, R.H.; Hesketh, J. Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep: Studies with wheat hay. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1965, 18, 983–1002. [Google Scholar]
- Shedrack, C.; Ansah, T.; Kadyampakeni, D. Comparative yield performance and fodder quality of Napier grass varieties in the dry Savanna, Region of Ghana. Ghana. J. Anim. Sci. 2019, 10, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Smart, A.J.; Schacht, W.H.; Moser, L.E.; Volesky, J.D. Prediction of Leaf/Stem Ratio Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). Agron. J. 2004, 96, 316–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tessema, Z.; Alemayehu, M. Management of Napier Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum (L.) Schumach) for High Yield and Nutritional Quality in Ethiopia: A Review. Eth. J. Anim. Prod. 2010, 10, 73–94. [Google Scholar]
- Van Soest, P.J. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant; Comstock Publishing Associates, Division of Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Basyble, T.; Melaku, S.; Prasad, N.K. Effects of cutting dates on nutritive value of Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) grass planted sole and in association with Desmodium (Desmodium intortum) or Lablab (Lablab purpureus). Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 2007, 19, 120–136. [Google Scholar]
- Turano, B.; Tiwari, U.P.; Jha, R. Growth and nutritional evaluation of Napier grass hybrids as forage for ruminants. Trop. Grassl. Forrajes Trop. 2016, 4, 168–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moir, K.W.; Dougherty, H.G.; Goodwin, P.G.; Humphreys, F.J.; Martin, P.R. An assessment of whether energy was the first factor limiting production of dairy cows grazing Kikuyu grass pasture. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 1979, 19, 530–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amer, S.; Hassanat, F.; Berthiaume, R.; Seguin, P.; Mustafa, A.F. Effects of water-soluble carbohydrate content on ensiling characteristics, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of forage millet and forage sorghum silages. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2012, 177, 23–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, P.A.S.; Alagundagi, S.C.; Salakinko, S.R. The anti-nutritional factors in forages—A review. Curr. Biot. 2013, 6, 516–526. [Google Scholar]
- Soumya, P. Evaluation of Promising Hybrid Napier Cultivars under Varying Plant Population. Master’s Thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Sridhar, K.; Biradhar, N.; Karthigeyn, S.; Rao, D.V.K.N.; Roy, A.K. Tryst with Destiny: Research Initiatives for Fodder Resources Development in Pennisular India; In Indian Grassland and Fodder research Institute, Regional Research Station: Dharward, Inida, 2008; p. 30. [Google Scholar]
- Rahman, M.M.; Ishii, Y.; Niimi, M.; Kawamura, O. Effect of clipping interval and nitrogen fertilization on oxalate content in pot-grown napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Trop. Grassl. 2009, 43, 73–78. [Google Scholar]
- Abu-Zanat, M.M.W.; Al-Hassanat, M.F.M.; Alawi, M.; Ruyle, G.B. Oxalate and tannins assessment in Atriplexhalimus L. and A. nummularia L. J. Range Manag. 2003, 56, 370–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Parameter | Cultivar | HI (Weeks) | S.E.M | Level of Significance | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | C | HI | C × HI | |||
Stem height (cm) | CO-5/Sam 1 | 127.29 f | 186.55 de | 224.0 bcd | 243.8 abc | 272.80 a | 5.80 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.17 |
Tiller number | CO-5 | 56.00 a | 51.00 ab | 35.44 bcd | 49.11 ab | 40.22 abcd | 2.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Sam | 30.33 d | 41.00 abcd | 32.78 cd | 49.00 abc | 40.67 abcd | |||||
Mean 2 | 43.16 b | 46.00 abcd | 34.11 bcd | 49.05 abc | 40.445 abcd | |||||
Number of leaves | CO-5 | 552.60 abc | 574.00 abc | 508.70 abc | 656.80 a | 519.20 abc | 29.68 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Sam | 299.20 d | 450.20 bcd | 406.20 cd | 636.20 ab | 582.70 abc | |||||
Mean 2 | 425.9 b | 512.10 abc | 457.45 abc | 646.50 a | 550.95 abc | |||||
Basal stem circumference (cm) | CO-5 | 4.47 d | 5.60 abc | 5.62 abc | 4.94 bcd | 4.12 d | 0.19 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Sam | 4.78 cd | 5.89 ab | 6.46 a | 5.68 abc | 4.84 cd | |||||
Mean 2 | 4.62 cd | 5.74 ab | 6.04 ab | 5.31 abc | 4.48 cd | |||||
Leaf length (cm) | CO-5 | 88.33 d | 110.89 ab | 109.67 abc | 113.33 ab | 96.44 cd | 2.11 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Sam | 100.94 bcd | 117.44 a | 114.11 a | 117.44 a | 117.00 a | |||||
Mean | 94.63 cd | 114.16 a | 111.86 a | 115.38 a | 106.72 b | |||||
Leaf width (cm) | CO-5/Sam 1 | 2.47 d | 3.39 c | 4.23 ab | 4.03 ab | 3.94 abc | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
Parameter | Cultivar | HI (Weeks) | S.E.M | Level of Significance | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | C | HI | C × HI | |||
DM (%) | CO-5 | 14.64 e | 16.33 cde | 14.42 e | 17.36 bcd | 22.19 a | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Sam | 16.00 e | 16.21 cde | 14.96 de | 18.86 bc | 19.97 ab | |||||
Mean 2 | 15.32 e | 16.27 cde | 14.69 de | 18.11 bc | 21.08 a | |||||
DM yield (t/ha) | CO-5/Sam 1 | 1.87 d | 4.19 cd | 6.04 c | 8.41 ab | 12.54 a | 89.12 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.61 |
LSR | CO-5/Sam 1 | 1.16 d | 2.09 a | 2.05 ab | 1.67 bc | 1.51 abc | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.63 |
Parameter | Cultivar | HI (Weeks) | S.E.M | Level of Significance | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | C | HI | C × HI | |||
CP (%) | CO-5/Sam 1 | 17.90 a | 11.90 b | 6.80 c | 4.60 d | 3.90 d | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.18 |
Ash (%) | CO-5 | 13.10 b | 10.39 c | 8.44 de | 7.33 ef | 6.54 ef | ||||
Sam | 15.19 a | 10.12 cd | 6.81 ef | 5.49 f | 6.55 ef | |||||
Mean 2 | 14.1 a | 10.2 b | 7.6 c | 6.5 cd | 6.4 d | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
ADF (%) | CO-5/Sam 1 | 37.50 c | 38.70 c | 42.80 b | 48.90 a | 49.90 a | 0.83 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.27 |
NDF (%) | CO-5 | 64.78 d | 67.70 cd | 73.51 ab | 75.65 ab | 77.61 a | ||||
Sam | 62.72 d | 73.86 ab | 73.28 ab | 75.85 ab | 73.67 ab | |||||
Mean 2 | 63.70 c | 70.80 b | 73.40 ab | 75.60 a | 75.70 a | 1.34 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
IVOMD (%) | CO-5/Sam 1 | 54.00 b | 58.60 a | 59.80 a | 50.40 c | 46.20 d | 1.16 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.23 |
IVME (MJ/kg DM) | CO-5/Sam 1 | 7.83 b | 8.63 a | 8.92 a | 7.51 bc | 6.91 c | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
WSC (%) | CO-5 | 14.47 cd | 17.97 bc | 16.64 c | 21.53 ab | 22.10 ab | ||||
Sam | 11.85 d | 15.95 cd | 22.41 ab | 23.08 a | 23.62 a | |||||
Mean 2 | 13.16 c | 16.96 bc | 19.52 a | 22.30 ab | 22.86 ab | 0.90 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Oxalate (%) | CO-5 | 0.58 a | 0.58 a | 0.49 ab | 0.44 abc | 0.29 bc | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
Sam | 0.58 a | 0.44 abc | 0.26 c | 0.34 bc | 0.31 bc | |||||
Mean 2 | 0.58 a | 0.51 ab | 0.37 c | 0.39 bc | 0.30 c |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Weerathunga, D.; Udagama, D.; Campbell, S.; Barber, D.; Weerasinghe, P. Performance of the Napier Hybrid Cultivars CO-5 (Pennisetum glaucum × P. Purpureum schumach) and Sampoorna (Pennisetum pedicillatum × P. americanum) Harvested at Five Intervals. Grasses 2023, 2, 156-167. https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses2030013
Weerathunga D, Udagama D, Campbell S, Barber D, Weerasinghe P. Performance of the Napier Hybrid Cultivars CO-5 (Pennisetum glaucum × P. Purpureum schumach) and Sampoorna (Pennisetum pedicillatum × P. americanum) Harvested at Five Intervals. Grasses. 2023; 2(3):156-167. https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses2030013
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeerathunga, Dilini, Deepani Udagama, Shane Campbell, David Barber, and Piyatilak Weerasinghe. 2023. "Performance of the Napier Hybrid Cultivars CO-5 (Pennisetum glaucum × P. Purpureum schumach) and Sampoorna (Pennisetum pedicillatum × P. americanum) Harvested at Five Intervals" Grasses 2, no. 3: 156-167. https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses2030013