Neurocognitive Sequelae and Rehabilitation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Optimizing Outcomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Neuropsychiatric and Neurocognitive Sequelae Following SAH
2.1. Depression
2.2. Anxiety
2.3. PTSD
2.4. Sexual Dysfunction
2.5. Cognitive Dysfunction
3. Rehabilitation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Acute Setting
3.1. Fluid and Electrolyte Management
3.2. Nutritional Rehabilitation
3.3. Early Mobilization and Cognitive Rehabilitation
3.4. Multidisciplinary Care
4. Long-Term Rehabilitation Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
4.1. Long-Term Outcomes Following SAH
4.2. Determinants of Health Post-SAH
4.3. Novel Rehabilitative Strategies and Future Directions
5. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Prognostic Biomarkers and Imaging Modalities
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarker | Comments | Study References |
---|---|---|
S100B | Increased; correlated to poorer outcomes in the acute setting. | [95,96] |
NSE | Increased; correlated to poorer outcomes such as increased mortality and vasospasm. | [97,98] |
GFAP | Increased; correlated to higher mortality and poor functional outcomes. | [99,100] |
MAPT | Increased; correlated to poorer outcomes in the acute setting, increased hypoxic brain injury, and poor functional outcomes at 12 months. | [95,101] |
NF-L | Increased; correlated to early cerebral ischemia and poor neurological outcome at 6 months. | [102,103] |
UCHL1 | Increased; sub-acute period correlated with increased neuronal loss and poorer outcomes. | [104,105] |
Amyloid-B-protein | Decreased; correlated to poorer long-term functional outcomes. | [106,107] |
ApoE | Decreased; correlated to increased inflammation and poorer outcomes. | [107,108] |
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Nwafor, D.C.; Kirby, B.D.; Ralston, J.D.; Colantonio, M.A.; Ibekwe, E.; Lucke-Wold, B. Neurocognitive Sequelae and Rehabilitation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Optimizing Outcomes. J. Vasc. Dis. 2023, 2, 197-211. https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd2020014
Nwafor DC, Kirby BD, Ralston JD, Colantonio MA, Ibekwe E, Lucke-Wold B. Neurocognitive Sequelae and Rehabilitation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Optimizing Outcomes. Journal of Vascular Diseases. 2023; 2(2):197-211. https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd2020014
Chicago/Turabian StyleNwafor, Divine C., Brandon D. Kirby, Jacob D. Ralston, Mark A. Colantonio, Elochukwu Ibekwe, and Brandon Lucke-Wold. 2023. "Neurocognitive Sequelae and Rehabilitation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Optimizing Outcomes" Journal of Vascular Diseases 2, no. 2: 197-211. https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd2020014
APA StyleNwafor, D. C., Kirby, B. D., Ralston, J. D., Colantonio, M. A., Ibekwe, E., & Lucke-Wold, B. (2023). Neurocognitive Sequelae and Rehabilitation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Optimizing Outcomes. Journal of Vascular Diseases, 2(2), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd2020014