Factors Associated with Changes in E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Smoking by Adolescents and Young People in Nigeria during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Approval
2.2. Study Design, Study Participants and Study Setting
2.3. Recruitment of Study Participants
2.4. Sampling Procedure
2.5. Data Collection Instrument
2.6. Study Variables
2.6.1. Independent Variables
2.6.2. Dependent Variables
2.6.3. Confounders
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | E-Cigarette Use | Tobacco Smoking |
---|---|---|
n = 568 | n = 787 | |
Changes in use | ||
Increase | 188 (33.1) | 305 (38.8) |
Decrease | 70 (12.3) | 102 (13.0) |
No change | 310 (54.6) | 380 (48.3) |
Increase in night e-cigarette use | ||
Yes | 389 (68.5) | 534 (67.9) |
No | 179 (31.5) | 253 (32.1) |
Age groups | ||
18 to 23 | 521 (91.7) | 727 (92.4) |
11–17 | 47 (8.3) | 60 (7.6) |
Sex at birth | ||
Male | 300 (52.8) | 427 (54.3) |
Female | 268 (47.2) | 360 (45.7) |
Anxiety level | ||
High | 98 (17.3) | 104 (13.2) |
Moderate | 282 (49.6) | 463 (58.8) |
Low | 188 (33.1) | 220 (28.0) |
Had a medical condition | ||
Yes | 268 (47.2) | 326 (41.4) |
No | 300 (52.8) | 461 (58.6) |
Tested positive to COVID-19 | ||
Yes | 210 (37.0) | 215 (27.3) |
No | 358 (63.0) | 572 (72.7) |
Had COVID-19 symptoms | ||
Yes | 262 (46.1) | 320 (40.7) |
No | 306 (53.9) | 467 (59.3) |
Family/friends had COVID-19 | ||
Yes | 259 (45.6) | 315 (40.0) |
No | 309 (54.4) | 472 (60.0) |
Vulnerable group | ||
Yes | 436 (76.8) | 599 (76.1) |
No | 132 (23.2) | 188 (23.9) |
Living with HIV | ||
Yes | 89 (15.7) | 97 (12.3) |
No | 479 (84.3) | 690 (87.7) |
Variables | Changes in E-Cigarette Use n (%) | Increase in Night E-Cigarette Use n (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increased n (%) | Decreased n (%) | No Change n (%) | p Value | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | p Value | ||
All | 188 (33.1) | 70 (12.3) | 310 (54.6) | 389 (68.5) | 179 (31.5) | |||
Age | 18 to 23 | 173 (33.2) | 65 (12.5) | 283 (54.3) | 0.897 | 363 (69.8) | 158 (30.3) | 0.042 |
<18 | 15 (31.9) | 5 (10.6) | 27 (57.4) | 26 (55.3) | 21 (44.7) | |||
Sex | Male | 95 (31.7) | 41 (13.7) | 164 (54.7) | 0.516 | 187 (62.3) | 113 (37.7) | <0.001 |
Female | 93 (34.7) | 29 (10.8) | 146 (54.5) | 202 (75.4) | 66 (24.6) | |||
Anxiety level | High | 25 (25.5) | 20 (20.4) | 53 (54.1) | 0.029 | 53 (54.1) | 45 (45.9) | <0.001 |
Moderate | 104 (36.9) | 32 (11.3) | 146 (51.8) | 213 (75.5) | 69 (24.5) | |||
Low | 59 (31.4) | 18 (9.6) | 111 (59.0) | 123 (65.4) | 65 (34.6) | |||
Medical condition | Yes | 78 (29.1) | 26 (9.7) | 164 (61.2) | 0.009 | 203 (75.7) | 65 (24.3) | <0.001 |
No | 110 (36.7) | 44 (14.7) | 146 (48.7) | 186 (62.0) | 114 (38.0) | |||
Tested positive to COVID-19 | Yes | 61 (29.0) | 28 (13.3) | 121 (57.6) | 0.288 | 166 (79.0) | 44 (21.0) | <0.001 |
No | 127 (35.5) | 42 (11.7) | 189 (52.8) | 223 (62.3) | 135 (37.7) | |||
Had COVID-19 symptoms | Yes | 89 (37.1) | 25 (9.5) | 148 (56.5) | 0.175 | 212 (80.9) | 50 (19.1) | <0.001 |
No | 99 (32.4) | 45 (14.7) | 162 (52.9) | 177 (57.8) | 129 (42.2) | |||
Family/friends infected with COVID-19 | Yes | 79 (30.5) | 27 (10.4) | 153 (59.1) | 0.127 | 205 (79.2) | 54 (20.8) | <0.001 |
No | 109 (35.3) | 43 (13.9) | 157 (50.8) | 184 (59.5) | 125 (40.5) | |||
Vulnerable group | Yes | 143 (32.8) | 50 (11.5) | 243 (55.7) | 0.443 | 307 (70.4) | 129 (29.6) | 0.072 |
No | 45 (34.1) | 20 (15.2) | 67 (50.8) | 82 (62.1) | 50 (37.9) | |||
Living with HIV | Yes | 33 (37.1) | 10 (11.2) | 46 (51.7) | 0.681 | 65 (73.0) | 24 (27.0) | 0.315 |
No | 155 (32.4) | 60 (12.5) | 264 (55.1) | 324 (67.6) | 155 (32.4) |
Variables | Changes in Tobacco Smoking | Increase in Night Tobacco Smoking | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increase n (%) | Decrease n (%) | No Change n (%) | p Value | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | p Value | ||
All | 305 (38.8) | 102 (13.0) | 380 (48.3) | 534 (67.9) | 253 (32.1) | |||
Age | 18 to 23 | 283 (38.9) | 91 (12.5) | 353 (48.6) | 0.435 | 505 (69.5) | 222 (30.5) | <0.001 |
>18 | 22 (36.7) | 11 (18.3) | 27 (45.0) | 29 (48.3) | 31 (51.7) | |||
Sex | Male | 173 (40.5) | 58 (13.6) | 196 (45.9) | 0.346 | 175 (41.0) | 252 (59.0) | <0.001 |
Female | 132 (36.7) | 44 (12.2) | 184 (51.1) | 78 (21.7) | 282 (78.3) | |||
Anxiety level | High | 32 (30.8) | 26 (25.0) | 46 (44.2) | 0.001 | 65 (62.5) | 39 (37.5) | <0.001 |
Moderate | 179 (38.7) | 48 (10.4) | 236 (51.0) | 357 (77.1) | 106 (22.9) | |||
Low | 94 (42.7) | 28 (12.7) | 98 (44.5) | 112 (50.9) | 108 (49.1) | |||
Medical condition | Yes | 117 (35.9) | 45 (13.8) | 164 (50.3) | 0.376 | 70 (21.5) | 256 (78.5) | <0.001 |
No | 188 (40.8) | 57 12.4) | 216 (46.9) | 183 (39.7) | 278 (60.3) | |||
Tested positive to COVID-19 | Yes | 80 (37.2) | 24 (11.2) | 111 (51.6) | 0.448 | 180 (83.7) | 35 (16.3) | <0.001 |
No | 225 (39.3) | 78 (13.6) | 269 (47.0) | 354 (61.9) | 218 (38.1) | |||
Had COVID-19 symptoms | Yes | 121 (37.8) | 36 (11.3) | 163 (50.9) | 0.345 | 253 (79.1) | 67 (20.9) | <0.001 |
No | 184 (39.4) | 66 (14.1) | 217 (46.5) | 281 (60.2) | 186 (39.8) | |||
Family/friends infected with COVID-19 | Yes | 119 (37.8) | 37 (11.7) | 159 (50.5) | 0.535 | 263 (83.5) | 52 (16.5) | <0.001 |
No | 186 (39.4) | 65 (13.8) | 221 (46.8) | 271 (57.4) | 201 (42.6) | |||
Vulnerable group | Yes | 222 (37.1) | 76 (12.7) | 301 (50.3) | 0.135 | 405 (67.6) | 194 (32.4) | 0.797 |
No | 83 (44.1) | 26 (13.8) | 79 (42.0) | 129 (68.6) | 59 (31.4) | |||
Living with HIV | Yes | 39 (40.2) | 13 (13.4) | 45 (46.4) | 0.924 | 69 (71.1) | 28 (28.9) | 0.460 |
No | 266 (38.6) | 89 (12.9) | 335 (48.6) | 465 (67.4) | 225 (32.6) |
Variable | E-Cigarette Use | Tobacco Smoking | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95% CI | p Value | AOR | 95% CI | p Value | ||
Increased Versus no Change during the COVID-19 Pandemic | |||||||
Sex | Male | 0.918 | 0.627–1.342 | 0.658 | 1.189 | 0.862–1.641 | 0.291 |
Female | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Age | 18 to 23 | 1.160 | 0.585–2.300 | 0.672 | 0.966 | 0.528–1.766 | 0.909 |
<18 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
COVID-19 infection | Yes | 0.781 | 0.503–1.214 | 0.272 | 0.921 | 0.625–1.356 | 0.677 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Had COVID-19 symptoms | Yes | 1.291 | 0.825–2.020 | 0.264 | 0.996 | 0.690–1.437 | 0.982 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Family/friends infected with COVID-19 | Yes | 0.708 | 0.452–1.109 | 0.131 | 0.980 | 0.681–1.412 | 0.916 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Live with HIV | Yes | 1.487 | 0.886–2.497 | 0.133 | 1.189 | 0.735–1.922 | 0.480 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Vulnerable | Yes | 0.888 | 0.565–1.396 | 0.607 | 0.685 | 0.478–0.983 | 0.040 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Anxiety level | High | 1.236 | 0.689–2.219 | 0.478 | 1.440 | 0.839–2.471 | 0.186 |
Moderate | 1.722 | 0.984–3.013 | 0.057 | 1.228 | 0.739–2.042 | 0.428 | |
Low | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Medical condition | Yes | 0.649 | 0.437–0.962 | 0.031 | 0.865 | 0.624–1.199 | 0.385 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Decreased versus no change than before the COVID-19 Pandemic | |||||||
Sex | Male | 1.243 | 0.716–2.156 | 0.440 | 1.073 | 0.671–1.716 | 0.770 |
Female | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Age | 18 to 23 | 1.456 | 0.520–4.080 | 0.475 | 0.610 | 0.280–1.327 | 0.213 |
<18 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
COVID-19 infection | Yes | 1.635 | 0.874–3.058 | 0.124 | 0.800 | 0.447–1.433 | 0.454 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Had COVID-19 symptoms | Yes | 0.631 | 0.330–1.205 | 0.163 | 0.834 | 0.489–1.424 | 0.507 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Family/friends infected with COVID-19 | Yes | 0.833 | 0.441–1.576 | 0.575 | 1.065 | 0.627–1.811 | 0.815 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Live with HIV | Yes | 0.969 | 0.444–2.114 | 0.936 | 1.031 | 0.510–2.086 | 0.932 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Anxiety level | High | 0.437 | 0.210–0.909 | 0.027 | 0.516 | 0.270–0.989 | 0.046 |
Moderate | 0.686 | 0.351–1.343 | 0.272 | 0.373 | 0.204–0.682 | 0.001 | |
Low | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Vulnerable | Yes | 0.845 | 0.456–1.565 | 0.592 | 0.874 | 0.500–1.433 | 0.536 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Medical condition | Yes | 0.554 | 0.312–0.984 | 0.044 | 1.186 | 0.739–1.905 | 0.480 |
No | 1.000 |
Variable | Increased Night E-Cigarette Use | Increased Night Tobacco Smoking | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95% CI | p Value | AOR | 95% CI | p Value | ||
Sex | Male | 0.638 | 0.443–0.921 | 0.016 | 1.913 | 1.272–2.876 | 0.002 |
Female | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Age | 18 to 23 | 2.225 | 1.019–4.854 | 0.045 | 0.225 | 0.076–0.673 | 0.008 |
<18 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Medical condition | Yes | 1.446 | 0.980–2.136 | 0.063 | 0.517 | 0.349–0.765 | <0.001 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
COVID-19 infection | Yes | 1.460 | 0.829–2.572 | 0.190 | 0.493 | 0.306–0.795 | 0.004 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Had COVID-19 symptoms | Yes | 2.108 | 1.428–3.113 | <0.001 | 0.897 | 0.632–1.273 | 0.543 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Family/friends infected with COVID-19 | Yes | 1.305 | 0.873–1.953 | 0.194 | 0.430 | 0.304–0.607 | <0.001 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Vulnerable | Yes | 1.028 | 0.653–1.618 | 0.906 | 1.131 | 0.786–0.1627 | 0.507 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Anxiety level | High | 1.543 | 0.971–2.450 | 0.066 | 1.591 | 0.848–2.984 | 0.148 |
Moderate | 2.138 | 1.244–3.675 | 0.006 | 0.733 | 0.377 -1.426 | 0.360 | |
Low | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
Living with HIV | Yes | 1.064 | 0.829–2.572 | 0.190 | 1.036 | 0.689–1.557 | 0.865 |
No | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Increased Night E-Cigarette Use | Changes in E-Cigarette Use | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increase n (%) | No Change n (%) | Decrease n (%) | p-Value | ||
Yes | 132 (70.2) | 210 (67.7) | 47 (67.1) | 0.820 | 389 (68.5) |
No | 56 (29.8) | 100 (32.3) | 23 (32.9) | 179 (31.5) | |
Total | 188 (100) | 310 (100) | 70 (100) | 568 (100) | |
Increased Night Tobacco Smoking | Changes in Tobacco Smoking | Total | |||
Increase n (%) | No Change n (%) | Decrease n (%) | p-Value | ||
Yes | 205 (67.2) | 250 (65.8) | 78 (76.5) | 0.119 | 533 (67.7) |
No | 100 (32.8) | 130 (34.2) | 24 (23.5) | 254 (32.3) | |
Total | 305 (100) | 380 (100) | 102 (100) | 787 (100) |
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Folayan, M.O.; Alade, O.T.; Sabbagh, H.; Oyapero, A.; Adeyemo, Y.I.; Popoola, B.O.; Adeniyi, A.A.; Eigbobo, J.; Quritum, M.; Nzomiwu, C.; et al. Factors Associated with Changes in E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Smoking by Adolescents and Young People in Nigeria during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychoactives 2023, 2, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives2010002
Folayan MO, Alade OT, Sabbagh H, Oyapero A, Adeyemo YI, Popoola BO, Adeniyi AA, Eigbobo J, Quritum M, Nzomiwu C, et al. Factors Associated with Changes in E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Smoking by Adolescents and Young People in Nigeria during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychoactives. 2023; 2(1):23-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives2010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleFolayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Omolola T. Alade, Heba Sabbagh, Afolabi Oyapero, Yewande I. Adeyemo, Bamidele Olubukola Popoola, Abiola A. Adeniyi, Jocelyn Eigbobo, Maryam Quritum, Chioma Nzomiwu, and et al. 2023. "Factors Associated with Changes in E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Smoking by Adolescents and Young People in Nigeria during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Psychoactives 2, no. 1: 23-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives2010002
APA StyleFolayan, M. O., Alade, O. T., Sabbagh, H., Oyapero, A., Adeyemo, Y. I., Popoola, B. O., Adeniyi, A. A., Eigbobo, J., Quritum, M., Nzomiwu, C., Chukwumah, N. M., & El Tantawi, M. (2023). Factors Associated with Changes in E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Smoking by Adolescents and Young People in Nigeria during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychoactives, 2(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives2010002