Concurrent Hookah (Waterpipe) and Substance Use among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Socio-Demographic and Mental Health Characteristics
2.2.2. Hookah Tobacco and Substance Use Characteristics
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Sexual Minority Adults | Heterosexual Adults | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Wave 1 n = 144 | Wave 2 n = 117 | Wave 1 n = 910 | Wave 2 n = 602 | |
Age | ||||
18–24 Yr | 67.41 (57.85–76.97) | 69.25 (59.04–79.47) | 64.89 (60.96–68.82) | 63.02 (57.66–68.37) |
25–34 Yr | 24.97 (15.13–34.82) | 23.33 (15.36–31.31) | 27.75 (24.48–31.02) | 29.52 (25.06–33.97) |
35–44 Yr | 4.11 (0.32–7.91) | 4.9 (0–10.58) | 4.57 (3.05–6.09) | 5.12 (3.18–7.07) |
45–54 Yr | 2.14 (0–4.66) | 2.51 (0–7.5) | 2.00 (0.77–3.22) | 1.66 (0.48–2.84) |
≥55 Yr | 1.36 (0–3.95) | 0 (0–0) | 0.79 (0.12–1.46) | 0.68 (0–1.51) |
Gender a | ||||
Male | 28.16 (19.05–37.27) | 34.56 (25.21–43.91) | 66.97 (64.17–69.77) | 64.78 (60.79–68.76) |
Female | 71.84 (62.73–80.95) | 65.44 (56.09–74.79) | 33.03 (30.23–35.83) | 35.23 (31.24–39.21) |
Race | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 58.22 (48.65–67.8) | 55.02 (42.85–67.19) | 55.47 (51.38–59.57) | 48.90 (44.07–53.74) |
Black, non-Hispanic | 11.21 (5.49–16.94) | 12.98 (5.7–20.26) | 11.17 (8.21–14.13) | 12.63 (8.79–16.47) |
Other, non-Hispanic | 6.81 (2.93–10.69) | 9.14 (4.62–13.66) | 11.19 (80.18–14.19) | 15.60 (11.83–19.37) |
Hispanic | 23.75 (14.76–32.73) | 22.86 (12.13–33.59) | 22.17 (18.8–25.53) | 22.86 (18.70–27.02) |
Education Level | ||||
No College | 36.28 (26.49–46.06) | 46.14 (34.05–58.23) | 36.30 (33.19–39.41) | 37.22 (32.72–41.73) |
Some College | 63.72 (53.94–73.51) | 53.86 (41.77–65.95) | 63.70 (60.59–66.81) | 62.78 (58.27–67.28) |
Annual Household Income | ||||
<$25,000 | 58.96 (48.67–69.26) | 54.24 (44.53–63.94) | 49.15 (45.7–52.59) | 46.16 (41.72–50.6) |
$25,000–49,999 | 24.74 (15.88–33.59) | 25.35 (17.61–33.1) | 22.8 (19.69–25.92) | 18.08 (14.12–22.03) |
$50,000–99,000 | 11.96 (4.27–19.64) | 12.72 (6.32–19.13) | 16.08 (13.24–18.93) | 19.7 (16.03–23.37) |
≥$100,000 | 4.34 (0.69–8) | 7.69 (0.69–14.68) | 11.97 (9.42–14.51) | 16.06 (11.85–20.28) |
Perceived Mental Health Ratings a | ||||
Good/Fair/Poor | 62.18 (53.83–70.52) | 65.97 (56.73–75.22) | 46.25 (42.92–49.58) | 48.24 (43.13–53.34) |
Excellent/Very Good | 37.82 (29.48–46.17) | 34.03 (24.78–43.27) | 53.75 (50.42–57.08) | 51.76 (46.66–56.87) |
Perceived Past Week Emotional Problems a | ||||
Sometimes/Often/Very often | 68.66 (60.67–76.65) | 63.74 (54.42–73.06) | 42.64 (39.21–46.07) | 47.09 (42.40–51.77) |
Never/Rarely | 31.34 (23.35–39.33) | 36.26 (26.94–45.58) | 57.36 (53.93–60.79) | 52.91 (48.23–57.60) |
Alcohol a | Marijuana b | Ritalin®/Adderall® c | Painkillers/Sedatives/Tranquilizers d | Cocaine | Stimulants (i.e., Methamphetamines) | Other Drugs | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | W2 | W1 | W2 | W1 | W2 | W1 | W2 | W1 | W2 | W1 | W2 | W1 | W2 | |
SM Adults | 82.58 (74.55–90.61) | 76.13 (67.45–84.80) | 50.83 (40.92–60.75) | 59.76 (47.50–72.03) | 6.63 (2.06–11.21) | 13.85 (6.15–21.56) | 11.35 (5.98–16.71) | 18.85 (10.13–27.56) | 3.59 (0.59–6.59) | 7.70 (1.65–13.76) | 1.57 (0.00–3.47) | 5.78 (0.00–11.84) | 5.88 (1.81–9.95) | 5.17 (1.02–9.32) |
Heterosexual Adults | 73.03 (69.66–76.39) | 73.52 (69.45–77.59) | 35.49 (32.03–38.94) | 40.79 (36.13–45.45) | 4.10 (2.72–5.48) | 4.51 (2.47–6.56) | 8.83 (6.45–11.21) | 6.25 (3.81–8.69) | 2.59 (1.41–3.77) | 4.51 (2.44–6.59) | 0.86 (0.24–1.48) | 2.12 (0.80–3.44) | 3.08 (1.91–4.26) | 4.17 (2.42–5.92) |
Substance | Wave 1 SM vs. Heterosexual | Wave 2 SM vs. Heterosexual | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
Alcohol | ||||||
Adjusted for gender and emotional problems | 1.66 | 0.89–3.10 | 0.11 | 0.90 | 0.51–1.59 | 0.70 |
Adjusted for all covariates | 1.80 | 0.84–3.85 | 0.13 | 0.85 | 0.46–1.57 | 0.60 |
Marijuana | ||||||
Adjusted for gender and emotional problems | 1.63 | 1.06–2.50 | 0.03 | 1.95 | 1.05–3.61 | 0.04 |
Adjusted for all covariates | 1.30 | 0.74–2.28 | 0.36 | 1.65 | 0.74–3.68 | 0.22 |
Ritalin/Adderall® | ||||||
Adjusted for gender and emotional problems | 1.73 | 0.72–4.13 | 0.22 | 2.95 | 1.04–8.34 | 0.04 |
Adjusted for all covariates | 1.81 | 0.66–4.94 | 0.25 | 1.25 | 0.37–4.25 | 0.71 |
Pain Killers/sedatives/tranquilizers | ||||||
Adjusted for gender and emotional problems | 0.94 | 0.50–1.76 | 0.85 | 3.19 | 1.45–7.01 | <0.01 |
Adjusted for all covariates | 1.22 | 0.61–2.42 | 0.58 | 2.10 | 0.74–5.95 | 0.16 |
Cocaine | ||||||
Adjusted for gender and emotional problems | 1.30 | 0.42–4.03 | 0.65 | 1.99 | 0.61–6.48 | 0.25 |
Adjusted for all covariates | 1.11 | 0.33–3.78 | 0.86 | 1.08 | 0.35–3.35 | 0.89 |
Other drugs | ||||||
Adjusted for gender and emotional problems | 1.94 | 0.74–5.03 | 0.17 | 1.23 | 0.40–3.79 | 0.72 |
Adjusted for all covariates | 1.95 | 0.72–5.26 | 0.19 | 1.20 | 0.32–4.54 | 0.78 |
Substance | Women SM (n = 105) vs. Heterosexual (n = 317) | Men SM (n = 39) vs. Heterosexual (n = 593) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
Alcohol | ||||||
W1 | 2.22 | (1.05–4.71) | 0.04 | 1.12 | (0.45–2.79) | 0.81 |
W2 | 0.89 | (0.45–1.76) | 0.74 | 1.06 | (0.35–3.16) | 0.92 |
Marijuana | ||||||
W1 | 2.16 | (1.30–3.60) | <0.01 | 1.40 | (0.67–2.90) | 0.37 |
W2 | 2.67 | (1.36–5.25) | <0.01 | 1.38 | (0.51–3.78) | 0.52 |
Pain Killers/sedatives/tranquilizers | ||||||
W1 | 1.21 | (0.61–2.40) | 0.58 | 0.63 | (0.13–2.97) | 0.55 |
W2 | 3.39 | (1.30–8.82) | 0.01 | 3.47 | (0.96–12.62) | 0.06 |
Substance | 18–24 Years Old SM (n = 110) vs. Heterosexual (n = 675) | 25+ Years Old SM (n = 34) vs. Heterosexual (n = 235) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
Alcohol | ||||||
W1 | 1.32 | (0.73–2.37) | 0.35 | 3.78 | (0.75–19.07) | 0.11 |
W2 | 1.14 | (0.58–2.23) | 0.70 | 1.15 | (0.42–3.13) | 0.78 |
Marijuana | ||||||
W1 | 1.55 | (0.99–2.43) | 0.05 | 2.79 | (1.17–6.61) | 0.02 |
W2 | 2.19 | (1.22–3.94) | 0.01 | 1.92 | (0.69–5.36) | 0.21 |
Pain killers/sedatives/tranquilizers | ||||||
W1 | 1.83 | (0.90–3.74) | 0.10 | 0.78 | (0.21–2.83) | 0.70 |
W2 | 2.72 | (1.37–5.42) | <0.01 | 5.32 | (1.52–18.56) | 0.01 |
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Dobrin, D.; Means, A.; Cheng, C.-W.; Adolfo, A.; Anderson, S.; Warda, U.S.; Brecht, M.-L.; Rezk-Hanna, M. Concurrent Hookah (Waterpipe) and Substance Use among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Psychoactives 2022, 1, 89-101. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives1020010
Dobrin D, Means A, Cheng C-W, Adolfo A, Anderson S, Warda US, Brecht M-L, Rezk-Hanna M. Concurrent Hookah (Waterpipe) and Substance Use among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Psychoactives. 2022; 1(2):89-101. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives1020010
Chicago/Turabian StyleDobrin, Daniel, Angelica Means, Chiao-Wei Cheng, Amanda Adolfo, Shenita Anderson, Umme Shefa Warda, Mary-Lynn Brecht, and Mary Rezk-Hanna. 2022. "Concurrent Hookah (Waterpipe) and Substance Use among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study" Psychoactives 1, no. 2: 89-101. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives1020010
APA StyleDobrin, D., Means, A., Cheng, C.-W., Adolfo, A., Anderson, S., Warda, U. S., Brecht, M.-L., & Rezk-Hanna, M. (2022). Concurrent Hookah (Waterpipe) and Substance Use among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Psychoactives, 1(2), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives1020010