A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey on Eye Strain and Perceived Stress amid the COVID-19 Online Learning among Medical Science Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature on Online Learning and Eye Strain
1.2. Literature on Online Learning and Perceived Stress
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Variables
2.2. Population
2.3. Sample Size and Sampling Technique
2.4. The Research Tools
2.5. Ethical Considerations
2.6. Data Collection Procedure
2.7. Data Analysis
2.8. Data Protection
2.9. Limitations to Methodology
3. Results
4. Research Findings and Discussion
4.1. Findings on Socio-Demographic
4.2. Findings on Eye Strain
4.3. Findings on Perceived Stress Levels
4.4. Findings on the Correlation between Eye Strain and Perceived Stress
4.5. Findings on the Association of Selected SDVs with Eye Strain and Perceived Stress
5. Recommendations and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Variables | Frequency (f) | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 28 | 15.6% |
Female | 152 | 84.4% | |
Total | 180 | 100.0% | |
Age Group | 18–23 years | 113 | 62.8% |
24–29 years | 67 | 37.2% | |
Enrolled Program | Dentistry | 12 | 6.7% |
Medicine | 75 | 41.7% | |
Nursing | 28 | 15.6% | |
Optometry | 30 | 16.7% | |
Pharmacy | 21 | 11.7% | |
Veterinary | 14 | 7.8% | |
Ethnicity | African | 24 | 13.3% |
Asian | 19 | 10.6% | |
East Indian | 118 | 65.6% | |
Mixed | 19 | 10.6% | |
Presence of Congenital Eye Condition | No | 168 | 93.3% |
Yes | 12 | 6.7% | |
Prescribed Eye Device | No | 87 | 48.3% |
Yes | 93 | 51.7% | |
Type of Vision | Normal | 86 | 47.8% |
Short-sight | 85 | 47.2% | |
Long-sight | 9 | 5.0% | |
Device Worn | NA | 86 | 47.8% |
Spectacles | 93 | 51.7% | |
Contact lenses | 1 | 0.6% | |
Period When Started Wearing Eye Device | After entering university | 10 | 5.6% |
After starting school | 24 | 13.3% | |
From childhood | 14 | 7.8% | |
NA | 86 | 47.8% | |
While studying in secondary school | 46 | 25.6% | |
Average Hours Spent on Electronic Devices Daily BEFORE Start of Online Learning | 2−4 h | 111 | 61.7% |
4–6 h | 54 | 30.0% | |
>7 h | 15 | 8.3% | |
Average Hours Spent on Electronic Devices Daily AFTER Start of Online Learning | 2–4 h | 30 | 16.7% |
4–6 h | 39 | 21.7% | |
>7 h | 111 | 61.7% | |
Electronic Devices Used for Online Learning | Mobile Phone | 19 | 10.6% |
Tablet | 32 | 17.8% | |
Laptop | 112 | 62.2% | |
Computer | 17 | 9.4% |
S. No. | Level of Eye Strain with Scores | Frequency (f) | Percentage (%) | Mean & Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | No Eye Strain (1–20) | 0.00 | 0.00 | x̄ = 55.2 σ′= 13.7 |
2 | Mild Eye Strain (21–40) | 24 | 13.3 | |
3 | Moderate Eye Strain (41–60) | 101 | 56.1 | |
4 | Severe Eye Strain (61–80) | 55 | 30.6 | |
Total | 180 | 100.0 |
S. No | Perceived Stress Levels with Scores | Frequency (f) | Percentage (%) | Mean & Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Mild Stress (0–13) | 2 | 1.1 | x̄ = 24.8 σ′= 5.54 |
2. | Moderate Stress (14–26) | 124 | 68.9 | |
3. | Severe Stress (27–40) | 54 | 30.0 | |
Total | 180 | 100.0 |
Study Variables | Perceived Stress | Eye Strain | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Perceived Stress | 1 | r = 0.204 ** | 0.006 |
Eye Strain | r = 0.204 ** | 1 |
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Victor, V.M.; Parsan, A.; Dookran, A.; Lulkool, A.; Ali, A.; Mahabir, A.; Marchan, A.; Monroe, A.; Ramharack, A.; Ekemiri, K.; et al. A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey on Eye Strain and Perceived Stress amid the COVID-19 Online Learning among Medical Science Students. Int. Med. Educ. 2023, 2, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.3390/ime2020008
Victor VM, Parsan A, Dookran A, Lulkool A, Ali A, Mahabir A, Marchan A, Monroe A, Ramharack A, Ekemiri K, et al. A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey on Eye Strain and Perceived Stress amid the COVID-19 Online Learning among Medical Science Students. International Medical Education. 2023; 2(2):83-95. https://doi.org/10.3390/ime2020008
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor, Virginia M., Ameera Parsan, Aliyah Dookran, Amisha Lulkool, Ammara Ali, Amethyst Mahabir, Amanda Marchan, Ambernique Monroe, Amir Ramharack, Kingsley Ekemiri, and et al. 2023. "A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey on Eye Strain and Perceived Stress amid the COVID-19 Online Learning among Medical Science Students" International Medical Education 2, no. 2: 83-95. https://doi.org/10.3390/ime2020008
APA StyleVictor, V. M., Parsan, A., Dookran, A., Lulkool, A., Ali, A., Mahabir, A., Marchan, A., Monroe, A., Ramharack, A., Ekemiri, K., Ezinne, N., & Daniel, E. (2023). A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey on Eye Strain and Perceived Stress amid the COVID-19 Online Learning among Medical Science Students. International Medical Education, 2(2), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.3390/ime2020008