1. Introduction
Goal programming (GP) is a branch of multiobjective optimization, which in turn is a branch of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), also known as multiple-criteria decision making (MCDM). This is an optimization programme. It can be thought of as an extension or generalization of linear programming to handle multiple, normally conflicting objective measures. Each of these measures is given a goal or target value to be achieved. Unwanted deviations from this set of target values are then minimized in an achievement function. This can be a vector or a weighted sum dependent on the GP variant used. As satisfaction of the target is deemed to satisfy the decision maker(s), an underlying satisfactory philosophy is assumed. GP is used to perform three types of analysis: Determine the required resources to achieve a desired set of objectives; Determine the degree of attainment of the goals with the available resources providing the best satisfied solution under a varying amount of resources and priorities of the goals.
Production planning provides a blueprint for manufacturers as they carry out the manufacturing process by planning the allocation of resources, manufacturing capacity, human resources and capital [
1]. This is a complex process that requires a number of steps to ensure goods, equipments, and human resources are available when needed [
2]. Many factors need to be considered for company management to plan the production of their products [
3]. Determining the operation of new and existing plants is a task that requires strategic planning by managers to maintain optimal production performance and profitability [
4,
5]. Therefore, observations and predictions about the nature of the business should be made by looking at historical data. Organizations now have more information to consider than ever before when developing production plans [
6]. Predicting production planning is important because it can help make decisions in aggregate. Forecast results also help companies plan, prioritize and make choices based on available resources [
7]. In addition to the historical data needed for predictions, accurate forecasting techniques must be considered. To overcome the problem of production planning, mathematical programming methods [
8] such as linear programming, mixed integer programming, and search result rule algorithms are available in the literature.
Real-life concerns, as well as the nature of decision-making in production planning, rely on human judgement. Human preferences and knowledge, human and machine flaws, conflicting expert judgments, and inadequate data all result in ambiguity in decision-making. Machine precision may compromise numerical historical data such as machine capacity and running time. All of these characteristics influence to data ambiguity. In order to acquire realistic findings from data analysis, it is necessary to express the uncertainties in the data. Interpreting observational information with inherent measurement errors is one of the most difficult problems. The measurement method may be the source of observational errors. These inaccuracies are the result of a combination of the observed phenomenon’s measure of variation and numerous factors that interfere with measurement [
9,
10]. Biased estimations can be caused by inaccurately measured data [
11]. Data with a variety of uncertainties, such as political uncertainty, risk, insufficient knowledge, and random events, might have an impact on the dada’s reliability [
12,
13]. These uncertainties can have an impact on the information provided by quantitative results [
13]. Despite the substantial evidence of the impact of uncertainty, measuring uncertainty remains a challenge [
12]. Due to the impossibility of eliminating all measurement errors in order to acquire exact numbers, measurement or approximation with a specific limit is an optimal achievement.
Especially, considering hybrid uncertainty [
14], we provide the methodology of fuzzy goal programming (FGP) in hybrid uncertainty. This paper explains the decision making in hybrid uncertainty including fuzziness and randomness. That is, under the situation of fuzzy and randomness hybrid uncertainty, the GP methodology is illustrated.
The paper enables to interpret the decision making in such situation. At the end, we provide a case study of production planning problem to make the method understood clearly.
The remainder of this article is divided into the following sections: There is a brief review of GP and fuzzy programming in
Section 2. The FGP is described as the primary technique in
Section 3.
Section 4 explains the proposed methodology, while
Section 5 provides a brief application in production planning. Finally, the conclusions are given in
Section 6.
2. Review of Existing Research Works
2.1. Goal Programming (GP)
GP was first used by Charnes, Cooper and Ferguson in 1955 [
15], although the actual name first appeared in a 1961 text by Charnes and Cooper. Seminal works by Lee, Ignizio [
16], Ignizio and Cavalier [
17], and Romero [
18] followed. Schniederjans [
19] gives in a bibliography of a large number of pre-1995 articles relating to GP, and Jones and Tamiz [
20] give an annotated bibliography of a decade in 1990. A recent textbook by Jones and Tamiz [
21] gives a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in GP. Mathematics of fuzzy sets has gained popularity in recent years and are employed in a variety of research works to solve a m1ulti-goal mathematical programming problem. It is founded on a concept of contentment. The GP model assists the decision-maker in analyzing many objectives at the same time and selecting the most rewarding action from a set of options. The satisfying notion in GP is to follow decision-makers’ assessment actions in order to achieve a set of stated goals as effectively as feasible [
22,
23]. The satisfying concept implies that decision-makers will be satisfied if their objectives are attained in the given situation. In decision-making, GPs have proven to be effective. However, GPs face challenges such as determining the right goal values and the lack of decision makers in the modeling process.
A linear goal system with positive and negative changes between each target and goal or aspiration level is known as GP [
21,
24]. In the specified task, this indicates the most satisfying point for goal accumulation. Based on the concept of “satisfaction”, the GP model’s response is the optimal compromise a decision maker can make [
25]. The GP model has two components that can be investigated: set limitations and goal functions.
2.2. Fuzzy Goal Programming (FGP)
FGP is goal programming with fuzzy variables, coefficients, data, criteria, constraints or conditions. For example, a company wants to build a new factory, but it faces many uncertain conditions and environments, has no data as reference, the market is unsteadily, costs are difficult to control, etc. In this case, how do we build a suitable plan to make the new factory profitable? How do we formulate earning target and costs purpose? Like this, we need consider using GP.
The GP model was enhanced using fuzzy set theory [
22] to manage uncertainty data, resulting in FGP. The main goal is to improve the ability of FGP to deal with the nature of uncertainty when modeling problems [
26,
27]. Uncertainties are frequently related to the goal objectives in a case such as a production planning model. However, uncertainties can also come from other elements of the model, such as system constraints. FGP, on the other hand, will only deal with the fuzzy values it has in its model. Other types of uncertainty, such as randomness, that are common in the environment are not handled by the existing FGP. Because fuzziness and randomness are common in real-life events, it is impossible to employ present systematic ways to deal with them, even if they are critical issues that need to be addressed. To tackle the problem of hybrid uncertainty, the fuzzy random approach must be integrated with the existing FGP.
The model’s performance can be influenced by the uncertainty found in the historical data that were used to construct it. Standard analysis is unable to address such data due to the inherent ambiguity. Many methods must be utilized to transform uncertainty into certainty in order to discover the best solution because the facts, goals, or conditions are not always known. The most significant elements to consider are the techniques used and how they are changed. Unlike the traditional GP, the fuzzy model should be deployed first, and the demands of decision makers must be addressed. Although the solution process does not occur simultaneously, the majority of analyses are now employed to deal with fuzzy objectives, constraints, or coefficients. As a result, in order to produce a suitable and adequate model’s solution, this study article considers all of the sections at the same time. From this perspective, developing a fuzzy programming system that can manage many objectives is advantageous. We explore the renewal of the FGP technique to multi-objective problems with hybrid uncertainty, which is motivated by the challenges of such scenarios. Fuzzy random regression [
28] is used in this paper to generate a parameter model for modeling program objectives. The translation of fuzzy symbols is demonstrated using the scaled index method to increase the range of unknown numbers to an acceptable level. This is needed to provide flexibility over values as they reflect human decision-making, which tends to be inaccurate. This strategy is accompanied by empirical results that show that the model proposed in the optimization problem satisfies various objectives is ultimately based on the treatment of fuzzy random data that solves the problem of uncertainties in mathematical modeling.
The original GP was developed with objectives, constraints, and goal values that had precise values. However, due to the uncertainty in the scenario, determining the exact value for developing the model is difficult. This occurs when experts are unable to precisely define the value of uncertainty, or when the value is unknown. As a result, fuzzy theory is employed to assist in the conversion of uncertainty into a specific value. Fuzzy values in GP descriptions are used in some ambiguous and imprecise situations. In the GP model, imprecise data show decision makers’ ambiguity or tolerance, as well as expert’s inaccuracies.
To overcome uncertainties in multi-objective decision-making circumstances, FGP combines GP and fuzzy set theory [
27]. It’s acceptable to consider that the possible values of the model is features and coefficients are unknown and that the decision maker can offer them, or that these values can be found using historical data or statistical inference. As a result of this exploratory investigation, many varieties of FGP have been studied and widely distributed in the literature [
29].
2.3. Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Linear Programming with Uncertainty
This method can be used to meet the following research categories: First, historical data can be used to create an appropriate linear regression model [
28] in the event of a situation of difficulty and uncertainty in developing the target. Second, targets (goals) can be determined even if past data is imprecise or unknown. Third, dealing with difficulties that are not specified, such as restrictions or changes in environment.
5. Application to Production Planning Assessment
A company wants to build a new plant, but it lacks precise historical data and rely on data from previous facilities as a reference. How can a management construct a fair time, production, and labour cost plan while also satisfying the expectations of other managers in this scenario?
Table 3 provides information on product quantities, working time, price, and cost from the other factories from the first to the eleventh year.
Table 4 shows the capacity and constraints of production. We need to identify some procedures to formulate a production planning model using the regression model. Working time goals, pricing goals, and cost targets for the 12th year are all involved. The constraint equation is then built. Fuzzy coefficients, fuzzy symbols, and constraint fuzzy objectives are all examples of values that need to be transformed to certain integers. Following that, the membership function was created using the max–min and scalable index methods. Finally, solve the equation.
Manager wants to get some objectives based on reference data in
Table 3 and
Table 4.
- (1)
maximize reveues as much as possible over 1800 m
- (2)
produce at least 150
- (3)
produce at least 100
- (4)
Make the working time of 1.2 as close to the maximum limit time as possible.
5.1. Construction of Goal Equations
Rules or relationships between data should be obtained using regression models to construct goal equations. Coefficients are relationships in linear regression models. As a result, obtaining coefficients is a way of setting targets. The linear regression model is shown in the followings:
The expectation of
Table 3 and
Table 4 are calculated from Definitions 3 and 4,
5.2. Example
For instance, if we take a fuzzy random number like
from the distribution, and fuzzy random variable takes
, the expected value
can be calculated as follows:
Variance value of
Table 5 can be calculated based on functions (
13) and (
14).
The coefficients can be obtained using Equation (
14) and LINGO. The
calculation method is as follows, and the
and
calculation processes are the same.
From above, the coefficients are obtained.
To construct the three goals, we use the average number as the final value.
5.3. Formulation of Constraints’ Equations
Table 10 is derived from
Table 9. The data are obtained based on references and past experience.
indicates that
’s price is in the interval of
with probability
to
with probability
. Using the Definitions 3 and 4, the expected values are acquired.
Manager wants their requirements to be met based on the reference data in
Table 10 and
Table 11.
- (1)
maximize revenues as much as possible over 1800 m.
- (2)
produce product at least 150.
- (3)
produceproduct at least 100.
- (4)
Make the working time of products 1 and 2 as near to the maximum time restriction as possible.
The needs of managers are presented in fuzzy numbers, which must be converted to fuzzy random data.
- (1)
maximize revenues are [; 0.5, 0.5]
- (2)
produce product is [140, 160; 0.3, 0.7]
- (3)
produce product is [80,120; 0.5, 0.5]
- (4)
make working time of products 1 and 2 as [800,1000; 0.5,0.5] and [1600,2000; 0.4,0.6]
Five constraints equations are constructed based on the production constraints and the manager’s requirements. The expression of numbers and symbols is in fuzzy.
After that, the numbers are converted to expected values, and the formulae are employed to calculate the lower limits.
To alleviate the uncertainty of fuzzy symbols, scalable indicies are introduced (undetermined relation). We give scalable index 1,000,000 to
, 20 to
, 20 to
, 100 to
, and 200 to
. As a result, the following are the new constraints equations:
These equations are to be regarded as upper bounds in this case [
37,
38].
5.4. Solution of the Multi-Criteria Linear Goal Models
Three goal models are built in the following:
To meet all of the tree goals at the same time, we assign the same weights of 0.333 and merge them into a single equation.
After linking the objective and constraint equations, the upper and lower limits are obtained.
By calculation, the upper and lower limits are
The fuzziness are .
The following equation is built by utilizing max–min method and Equations (
20) and (
21).
By combining the two membership functions and adding the auxiliary variable
, a new equivalent model is created.
Through calculation,
and
are obtained. The values are then used in the following equations:
The upper and lower limits are obtained as
These results are acceptable.
6. Conclusions
The production planning process in industry involves a variety of responsibilities and real situations. It requires the management to make judgments and decisions that are in the best interests of the factory or business. As a result, the mathematical solution approach has been found to be beneficial in assisting in the creation of a solution. The FGP approach has been discovered to be capable of addressing the three categories of challenges listed below from two perspectives. To begin, if a manager faces a situation in which he or she is unsure how to achieve a realistic goal, an acceptable linear regression model can be developed using historical data to generate a target problem model. Second, even if earlier data failed to precisely predict the current condition, which should not be surprising, mathematical models can still be produced utilizing the uncertainty technique while accounting for this uncertainty. Third, some unidentified issues, such as constraints, can be solved where the situation is not improving and can be altered. The data utilized, on the other hand, have an impact on the model’s accuracy. Because the model parameters are obtained from the raw data, this is the case. There are numerous sources of uncertainty, including inaccuracies, which can affect the accuracy of the data and forecast findings. As a result, for data with uncertainty characteristics, additional data processing approaches are required.
This research has provided the GP model to deal with hybrid uncertainty, hybrid uncertainty, interval fuzziness, type 2 fuzziness. This paper concentrated only on fuzzy multi-criterion decision making by means of fuzzy regression method. The method enables us to treat such uncertainty by using fuzzy numbers. Especially, using the application to ploduction planning, we provided the assessment method of uncertainty. Repeatedly, we emphasize the points we provided in the paper that considering hybrid uncertainty [
14], we provided the methodology of FGP in hybrid uncertainty. This paper explained the decision making in hybrid uncertainty including fuzziness and randomness.
The paper enabled us to interpret the decision making in such situation using the case study of production planning problem.
Future Research
We have discussed hybrid uncertainty-GP model. Such hybrid uncertainty comes from fuzzy sets, interval fuzzy sets, type 2fuzzy sets as well as intuitionistic fuzzy sets. tevarious uncertainties such as interval fuzzy sets, type 2 fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Inorder to deal with such uncertainty, we can employ rough sets [
39], support vector machine [
40,
41,
42,
43,
44], neural networks [
45,
46], as well as deep learning. We proposed the decision making under hybrid uncertainty by means of fuzzy random GP. Regarding decision making we may employ a rough set approach [
47,
48] which has capability to obtain decision rules in the method [
41,
42] and develop further horison in GP. Regarding fuzzy linear regression model, we may employ fuzzy support vector machine [
42] to deal with non-lenear descrimination [
41,
49]. Regarding an intuitionistic fuzzy sets approach [
50], the FGP can be rebuild various methodologies as intuitionistic FGP [
50]. We understand plural heuristics can develop more effective and efficient methodologies than a single heuristic method. We will develop such plural heuristic methodologies to build further methodologies in our future research.