Essential Oils as Potential Biopesticides in the Control of the Genus Meloidogyne: A Review ^†

Meloidogyne spp., commonly known as root-knot nematodes (RKN), are among the most economically damaging plant-parasitic nematodes to horticultural and field crops, mainly due to their pathogenic effect, worldwide distribution, and wide host range. RKN pest management relies on the use of commercial synthetic pesticides, such as broad-spectrum fumigants and nervous system toxins, which kill or disrupt the feeding or reproductive behavior of nematodes. These active chemicals can cause negative environmental and public health impacts and are feared to lead to resistance and immunity. As a sustainable alternative, the use of essential oils (EOs) as nematicides has shown great promise. These natural products are mostly biodegradable and subjected to less strict regulatory approval mechanisms for their exploration. The present work reviews the existing bibliography on the direct biological activity of EOs against RKNs. A total of 49 publications from 1995 to 2020 were identified to have reported on the anti-RKN activity of EOs. Plants from the Lamiaceae and Compositae families make up more than 50% of the source material for EO extraction. The highest activities were reported for EOs of the Monarda, Artemisia, Filipendula, and Satureja genus. These taxa show potential that can be further explored for highly active anti-RKN phytochemicals with practical applications in sustainable pest management strategies.