Tic Reduction Following Heat-Induced Dehydration in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS) †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Six Months before Entering a Hot Tub
3.2. One Month after Entering Hot Tub
3.3. Subsequent Course
3.4. Discussion
3.4.1. Limitations
3.4.2. Future Directions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Instrument | Range of Scores | Seven Months before Remission |
---|---|---|
Compulsion checklist [5] | (0,111) | 10 |
Dental pain/fear/anxiety [5] | (0,112) | 4 |
Dental pain/fear/anxiety Mid [5] | (0,112) | 4 |
Dental pain/fear/anxiety Post [5] | (0,112) | 1 |
Dental pain/fear/anxiety 1 month follow-up [5] | (0,112) | 0 |
Dental pain/fear/anxiety 3 months follow-up [5] | (0,112) | 0 |
Fear questionnaire [5] | (0,192) | 8 |
Social situations questionnaire [5] | (0,192) | 13 |
Questionnaire for tic disorders [6] | (0,23) | 21 |
Tic symptom self-report: motor [7] | (0,60) | 24 |
Tic symptom self-report: vocal [7] | (0,60) | 11 |
University of Miami Modified Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory [8] | (0,60) | 11 |
Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) behaviors [9] | (0,168) | 46 |
Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) medical problems [9] | (0,28) | 1 |
Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) school [9] | (0,48) | 11 |
Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) items [9] | (0,100) | 39 |
Instrument | Range of Scores | Six Months before Remission | One Month after Remission | Eleven Months after Remission |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urine drug toxicology for tetrahydrocannabis | Negative or positive | Negative | Positive | Positive |
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) [11] | (0,40) | 9 | 0 | 1 |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Severity Index (SI) [12] | (0,7) | 4 Moderately mentally ill | 3 Mildly ill | 2 Borderline mentally ill |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Global Improvement (GI) [12] | (0,7) | 4 No change | 2 Much improved | 1 Very much improved |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Efficacy Index (EI) [12] | (0,16) | 13 | 5 | 13 |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) therapeutic effect [12] | N/A | Unchanged or worse | Moderate | Unchanged or worse |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) side effects [12] | N/A | None | None | None |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) [13] | (0,6) | 1 Borderline | 0 | 1 Borderline |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) [13] | (0,6) | 3 Moderate | 2 | 2 Mild |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Tourette syndrome (TS) [13] | (0,6) | 3 Moderate | 1 | 1 Borderline |
Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) Rater Global Evaluation (RGE) [14] | (1,7) | 4 Unchanged | 2 Much improved | 1 Very much improved |
Hillside Akathisia Scale (HAS) subjective items [11,15] | (0,8) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hillside Akathisia Scale (HAS) objective items [11,15] | (0,12) | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Hillside Akathisia Scale (HAS) Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Severity of Akathisia (SA) [11,15] | (0,7) | 3 Mildly akathisic | 1 Normal, not akathisic | 1 Normal, not akathisic |
Hillside Akathisia Scale (HAS) Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Global Improvement (GI) [11,15] | (0,7) | 4 No change | 1 Very much improved | 1 Very much improved |
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain ([16], Table II, page 346) | Normal or abnormal | Normal | Normal | Normal |
Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (MPRC) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) anchors [17,18,19] | (20,140) | 26 | 21 | 21 |
Movement disorders checklist [11] | (0,23) | 14 | 8 | 0 |
Myoclonus versus tic checklist [11,20] | (−2,6) | 6 | 3 | 0 |
National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) Obsessive Compulsive Scale (OCS) [14] | (0,15) | 5 | 2 | 1 |
Rating Scale for Acute Drug-Induced Akathisia (RSADIA): subjective [21] | (0,9) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rating Scale for Acute Drug-Induced Akathisia (RSADIA): objective [21] | (0,21) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Rating Scale for Acute Drug-Induced Akathisia (RSADIA): global rating [21] | (0,3) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rating Scale for Drug-Induced Akathisia (RSDIA): subjective [22] | (0,6) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rating Scale for Drug-Induced Akathisia (RSDIA): objective [22] | (0,3) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Rating Scale for Drug-Induced Akathisia (RSDIA) Global Clinical Assessment of Akathisia (GCAA) [22] | (0,5) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Rating Scale for Tardive Dyskinesia (RSTD): face [23] | (16,96) | 26 | 17 | 18 |
Rating Scale for Tardive Dyskinesia (RSTD): neck and trunk [23] | (8,48) | 11 | 8 | 8 |
Rating Scale for Tardive Dyskinesia (RSTD): extremities (upper) [23] | (8,48) | 11 | 8 | 8 |
Rating Scale for Tardive Dyskinesia (RSTD): extremities (lower) [23] | (8,48) | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Rating Scale for Tardive Dyskinesia (RSTD): entire body [23] | (4,24) | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Timed stereotypies rating scale [11,24] | (0,1000) | 27 | 2 | 1 |
Tourette Syndrome Diagnostic Confidence Index (TSDCI) [25] | (0,100) | 61 | Missing | 82 |
Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) [26,27] | (0,40) | 4 | 10 | 4 |
Obsessive compulsive disorder through the application of the criteria current at the time of the study [28] to the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) [26,27] a | (0,1) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS): motor [29] | (0,25) | 19 | 13 | 12 |
Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS): phonic [29] | (0,25) | 9 | 0 | 11 |
Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS): impairment [29] | (0,50) | 27 | 0 | 9 |
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Durbin, A.B.; Rodgers, M.R.; Brašić, J.R. Tic Reduction Following Heat-Induced Dehydration in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS). Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 19, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECBS2022-13505
Durbin AB, Rodgers MR, Brašić JR. Tic Reduction Following Heat-Induced Dehydration in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS). Biology and Life Sciences Forum. 2022; 19(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECBS2022-13505
Chicago/Turabian StyleDurbin, Ashley B., Matthew R. Rodgers, and James Robert Brašić. 2022. "Tic Reduction Following Heat-Induced Dehydration in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS)" Biology and Life Sciences Forum 19, no. 1: 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECBS2022-13505
APA StyleDurbin, A. B., Rodgers, M. R., & Brašić, J. R. (2022). Tic Reduction Following Heat-Induced Dehydration in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS). Biology and Life Sciences Forum, 19(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECBS2022-13505