Introduction: Fruits and vegetables are sources of numerous nutrients and bioactive compounds. Among these are carotenoids with antioxidant potential, particularly abundant in yellow-orange, red, and dark-green fruits and vegetables. Aim: The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate if fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids are offered as first solids; (2) to assess if early nutritional factors, such as exclusive breastfeeding duration (EBF), timing (CFI), and method (CFM) of complementary feeding introduction may be associated with offering them. Methods: This internet-based study was conducted in 2016–2018 among 4104 mothers of children aged 12–36 months, recruited through social media in Poland. Mothers were asked about EBF, CFI, CFM, as well as the first 5–10 products that were given to their infants as first solids. Data on the consumption of the first products were collected using the qualitative method. Results: The majority of children were introduced to complementary feeding at 4–6 months (60.6%). The majority were often offered vegetables/fruits were carrot (89.8%), broccoli (54.0%), and pumpkin (39.7%), whereas avocado (3.1%), pepper (0.9%), and kale (0.02%) were rarely used as first weaning products. EBF, CFI, and CFM were associated with offering pumpkin (p < 0.001; p < 0.05; p < 0.001), sweet potato (p < 0.01; p < 0.001; p < 0.001), tomato (p < 0.01; p < 0.001; p < 0.001), avocado (p < 0.01; p < 0.05; p < 0.001), and broccoli (p < 0.001) as first vegetables/fruits. In a group with CFI ≥7 months, sweet potato (13.7%), tomato (5.1%), avocado (4.0%), and broccoli (61.2%) were more often offered as first vegetables/fruits than in a group with CFI at 4–6 months (7.5%, 2.7%, 2.7%, 50.4%; respectively) or CFI < 4 months (3.9%, p < 0.001; 2.0%, p < 0.001; 0.0%, p < 0.05; 33.3%, p < 0.001; respectively). Conclusions: Early nutrition may be a factor associated with offering different foods during weaning. Carrot and broccoli were the most often offered solids. According to the literature, carrot is the richest source of carotenoids, whereas broccoli has the highest antioxidant capacity [1,2,3].
Supplementary Materials
The conference poster is available at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/IECN2022-12390/s1.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, D.M.-K., J.H. and M.A.Z.-P.; methodology and validation, D.M.-K., M.A.Z.-P. and J.H.; formal analysis, D.M.-K. and M.A.Z.-P.; investigation, D.M.-K.; data curation, D.M.-K. and M.A.Z.-P.; writing—original draft preparation, D.M.-K.; writing—review and editing, D.M.-K., M.A.Z.-P. and J.H.; visualization, D.M.-K.; supervision, J.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
The study was financially supported by sources of the Polish Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education within funds of the Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), for scientific research.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The survey did not require approval by the ethics committee because of the anonymous nature of the online survey and impossibility of tracking sensitive personal data.
Informed Consent Statement
Respondent’s consent was waived due to the anonymous nature of the online survey and impossibility of tracking sensitive personal data. No personal or contact information were required. Respondents were informed about solely scientific purpose of the study, its anonymity and possibility of resign from participating in the study at any stage.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- USDA National Nutrient Database. Available online: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/ (accessed on 10 May 2021).
- USDA Database for the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods. 2010. Available online: https://www.orac-info-portal.de/download/ORAC_R2.pdf (accessed on 10 May 2021).
- Hamułka, J.; Wawrzyniak, A. Lycopene and Lutein—Pro-Health Properties and Their Content in Products; SGGW: Warsaw, Poland, 2004. [Google Scholar]
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