Untangling Regional Disparities: HIV and STI Testing Patterns Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Seven U.S. Cities
Abstract
:1. HIV and STIs Among YEH
1.1. Risk Factors Associated with HIV and STIs Among YEH
1.2. Correlates of HIV and STI Testing Among YEH
1.3. Current Study
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Recruitment and Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Dependent Variables
2.3.2. Independent Variables
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Bivariate Statistics
3.3. Multivariate Statistics
4. Discussion
Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean (SD) | n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Outcomes | ||
Recent STI Test | 663 (48.57) | |
Recent HIV Test | 710 (51.82) | |
Demographics | ||
Study Sites | ||
Los Angeles | 210 (15.20) | |
Phoenix | 206 (14.91) | |
Denver | 199 (14.40) | |
St Louis | 192 (13.89) | |
Houston | 200 (14.47) | |
New York | 193 (13.97) | |
San Jose | 182 (13.17) | |
Age (in years) | 20.88 (2.08) | |
Gender | ||
Male | 828 (58.47) | |
Female | 482 (34.04) | |
Trans and Nonbinary | 106 (7.49) | |
Sexual Orientation | ||
Heterosexual | 985 (71.27) | |
LGB | 332 (23.30) | |
Questioning/Something else | 75 (5.43) | |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
White | 266 (19.25) | |
Black | 518 (37.48) | |
Latinx | 233 (16.86) | |
American Indian | 44 (3.18) | |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 21 (1.52) | |
Multiracial | 222 (16.06) | |
Other | 78 (5.64) | |
Education | ||
Less than H.S. | 425 (30.86) | |
H.S. Diploma or GED | 717 (52.07) | |
Higher Education | 235 (17.07) | |
Currently In School | 265 (18.77) | |
Involvement in Foster Care System | 531 (38.45) | |
Involvement in Juvenile Justice System | 497 (36.04) | |
Risk Engagement | ||
Substance Use Behaviors | ||
Heavy Drinking | 474 (34.00) | |
Illicit Drug Use | 560 (40.61) | |
Injection Drug Use | 121 (8.64) | |
Sexual Risk Behaviors | ||
Survival Sex | 269 (24.39) | |
Condomless Sex | 634 (57.58) | |
Sexually Active before 16 | 634 (57.38) | |
Sexual Intercourse under Influence of Substances | 479 (43.55) | |
Sex with Someone met Online | 600 (54.35) | |
n = 1426 |
HIV Testing | STI Testing | |
---|---|---|
City | n (%) | n (%) |
Los Angeles | 115 (63.54%) | 99 (55.62%) |
Denver | 87 (50.88%) | 81 (47.37%) |
Houston | 86 (54.43%) | 83 (52.53%) |
New York City | 109 (75.17%) | 105 (71.92%) |
Phoenix | 64 (39.51%) | 59 (36.88%) |
San Jose | 54 (35.76%) | 54 (36%) |
St. Louis | 80 (49.08%) | 80 (49.38%) |
HIV Testing | STI Testing | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Demographics | ||||
Study Sites (ref = Los Angeles) | ||||
Denver | 0.59 * | 0.39, 0.91 | 0.72 | 0.47, 1.09 |
Houston | 0.69 | 0.44, 1.06 | 0.88 | 0.57, 1.19 |
New York City | 1.74 * | 1.07, 2.82 | 2.04 ** | 1.28, 3.26 |
Phoenix | 0.37 *** | 0.24, 0.58 | 0.47 ** | 0.30, 0.72 |
San Jose | 0.31 *** | 0.20, 0.50 | 0.45 *** | 0.29, 0.70 |
St. Louis | 0.55 ** | 0.36, 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.51, 1.19 |
Age | 0.94 * | 0.89, 1.00 | 0.92 ** | 0.87, 0.97 |
Sex Assigned at Birth (ref = male) | 1.43 ** | 1.12, 1.82 | 1.53 ** | 1.20, 1.96 |
Gender (ref = Male) | ||||
Female | 1.54 ** | 1.20, 1.97 | 1.57 *** | 1.22, 2.02 |
Trans/Non-binary | 2.13 ** | 1.33, 3.43 | 1.54 | 0.98, 2.44 |
Sexual Orientation (ref = Heterosexual) | ||||
Sexual minority | 1.41 ** | 1.10, 1.82 | 1.27 | 0.98, 1.64 |
Race/Ethnicity (ref = White) | ||||
Black | 1.55 ** | 1.12, 2.15 | 1.58 ** | 1.15, 2.20 |
Latinx | 1.49 * | 1.01, 2.21 | 1.15 | 0.78, 1.70 |
Multiracial | 1.84 ** | 1.25, 2.71 | 1.70 ** | 1.16, 2.51 |
Other | 1.82 * | 1.13, 2.91 | 1.34 | 0.84, 2.15 |
Education (ref = Less than H.S.) | 0.93 | 0.72, 1.19 | 1.04 | 0.81, 1.34 |
Currently In School | 1.24 | 0.92, 1.68 | 1.39 * | 1.03, 1.88 |
Foster Care Involvement | 1.26 | 0.99, 1.60 | 1.09 | 0.86, 1.39 |
Juvenile Justice Involvement | 0.96 | 0.76, 1.22 | 0.93 | 0.73, 1.18 |
Risk Engagement | ||||
Substance Use Behaviors | ||||
Hard Drug Use (ref = no) | 0.88 | 0.67, 1.15 | 0.7 | 0.53, 0.91 |
Injection Drug Use (ref = no) | 1.21 | 0.79, 1.85 | 0.73 | 0.48, 1.12 |
Sexual Risk Behaviors | ||||
Sexually Active before 16 | 0.71 ** | 0.56, 0.90 | 0.8 | 0.63, 1.01 |
Survival Sex | 1.08 | 0.82, 1.42 | 1.07 | 0.81, 1.41 |
Condomless Sex | 1.33 | 0.96, 1.83 | 1.38 | 1.00, 1.91 |
Sexual Intercourse Under the Influence of Substances | 1.07 | 0.85, 1.36 | 0.89 | 0.71, 1.13 |
Multiple Sexual Partnerships | 0.97 | 0.72, 1.29 | 0.91 | 0.68, 1.23 |
Online Sex Partner(s) | 1.49 ** | 1.18, 1.89 | 1.58 *** | 1.25, 2.00 |
HIV Testing | STI Testing | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Demographics | ||||
Study Sites (ref = Los Angeles) | ||||
Denver | 0.63 * | 0.40, 0.99 | 0.77 | 0.50, 1.20 |
Houston | 0.62 * | 0.39, 0.98 | 0.77 | 0.49, 1.22 |
New York City | 1.45 | 0.86, 2.44 | 1.71 * | 1.03, 2.81 |
Phoenix | 0.36 *** | 0.23, 0.56 | 0.48 ** | 0.31, 0.76 |
San Jose | 0.26 *** | 0.16, 0.42 | 0.42 *** | 0.26, 0.67 |
St. Louis | 0.50 ** | 0.30, 0.82 | 0.64 | 0.39, 1.04 |
Age | 0.97 | 0.91, 1.04 | 0.95 | 0.88, 1.01 |
Sex Assigned at Birth (ref = male) | 0.98 | 0.42, 2.27 | 1.38 | 0.62, 3.09 |
Gender (ref = Male) | ||||
Female | 1.61 | 0.68, 3.82 | 1.13 | 0.50, 2.58 |
Trans/Non-binary | 1.55 | 0.88, 2.73 | 1.11 | 0.64, 1.92 |
Sexual Orientation (ref = Heterosexual) | ||||
Sexual minority | 1.1 | 0.82, 1.46 | 1.02 | 0.77, 1.35 |
Race/Ethnicity (ref = White) | ||||
Black | 1.29 | 0.90, 1.86 | 1.31 | 0.91, 1.88 |
Latinx | 1.37 | 0.89, 2.12 | 1.04 | 0.68, 1.60 |
Multiracial | 1.46 | 0.97, 2.20 | 1.4 | 0.93, 2.10 |
Other | 1.64 | 0.99, 2.71 | 1.2 | 0.73, 1.96 |
Currently In School | N/A | N/A | 1.11 | 0.81, 1.54 |
Risk Engagement | ||||
Sexual Risk Behaviors | ||||
Sexually Active before 16 | 0.65 ** | 0.50, 0.84 | ||
Online Sex Partner(s) | 1.34 * | 1.04, 1.73 | 1.54 ** | 1.20, 1.98 |
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Ochs, A.; Barman-Adhikari, A.; Hsu, H.-T.; Petering, R.; Shelton, J.; Narendorf, S.; Santa Maria, D.; Bender, K.; Ferguson, K. Untangling Regional Disparities: HIV and STI Testing Patterns Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Seven U.S. Cities. Youth 2024, 4, 1774-1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4040112
Ochs A, Barman-Adhikari A, Hsu H-T, Petering R, Shelton J, Narendorf S, Santa Maria D, Bender K, Ferguson K. Untangling Regional Disparities: HIV and STI Testing Patterns Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Seven U.S. Cities. Youth. 2024; 4(4):1774-1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4040112
Chicago/Turabian StyleOchs, Alex, Anamika Barman-Adhikari, Hsun-Ta Hsu, Robin Petering, Jama Shelton, Sarah Narendorf, Diane Santa Maria, Kimberly Bender, and Kristin Ferguson. 2024. "Untangling Regional Disparities: HIV and STI Testing Patterns Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Seven U.S. Cities" Youth 4, no. 4: 1774-1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4040112
APA StyleOchs, A., Barman-Adhikari, A., Hsu, H.-T., Petering, R., Shelton, J., Narendorf, S., Santa Maria, D., Bender, K., & Ferguson, K. (2024). Untangling Regional Disparities: HIV and STI Testing Patterns Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Seven U.S. Cities. Youth, 4(4), 1774-1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4040112