Author Contributions
Conceptualization, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; methodology, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; software, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; validation, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; formal analysis, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; investigation, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; resources, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; data curation, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; writing—original draft preparation, E.L., E.P., and N.L.; writing—review and editing, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; visualization, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; supervision, J.U. and N.L.; project administration, E.L., E.P., J.U., and N.L.; funding acquisition, J.U. and N.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Human female pelvis displaying the two structures examined in this research: (A) Pubic symphysis (blue shaded) and (B) pubic arch (red line).
Figure 1.
Human female pelvis displaying the two structures examined in this research: (A) Pubic symphysis (blue shaded) and (B) pubic arch (red line).
Figure 2.
(A) Pelvis model with the superior, middle, and inferior measurements for the pubic symphysis noted (box A). (B) Pelvis model with the superior, middle, and inferior measurements of the pubic arch noted (box B).
Figure 2.
(A) Pelvis model with the superior, middle, and inferior measurements for the pubic symphysis noted (box A). (B) Pelvis model with the superior, middle, and inferior measurements of the pubic arch noted (box B).
Figure 3.
Gut volume measures compared to pubic symphysis widths for (A) combined gender group (females and males); (B) females only; (C) males only, at three PSW measures: superior, middle, and inferior width measurements.
Figure 3.
Gut volume measures compared to pubic symphysis widths for (A) combined gender group (females and males); (B) females only; (C) males only, at three PSW measures: superior, middle, and inferior width measurements.
Figure 4.
For pubic arch width, LOG Gut Volume vs LOG width for superior width, middle width, and inferior width measurements. (A) Combined gender group. (B) Females. (C) Males.
Figure 4.
For pubic arch width, LOG Gut Volume vs LOG width for superior width, middle width, and inferior width measurements. (A) Combined gender group. (B) Females. (C) Males.
Figure 5.
Linear regression between the number of births (parity) and the pubic symphysis width (PSW) and pubic arch width (PAW) at each of the three measurements (superior width (SW), middle width (MW), and inferior width (IW)). (A) PSW: Parity vs. LOG width three measurements, (B) PAW: Parity vs. LOG width for three measurements.
Figure 5.
Linear regression between the number of births (parity) and the pubic symphysis width (PSW) and pubic arch width (PAW) at each of the three measurements (superior width (SW), middle width (MW), and inferior width (IW)). (A) PSW: Parity vs. LOG width three measurements, (B) PAW: Parity vs. LOG width for three measurements.
| Males (n = 44) | Females (n = 48) |
---|
Body Weight (kg) | 80.43 ± 19.27 | 67.17 ± 13.15 |
Stature (m) | 1.77 ± 0.07 | 1.64 ± 0.07 |
Gut Volume (cc) | 5384 ± 1320.86 | 4192.13 ± 912.44 |
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for the parity study sample. CT images obtained from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database (
Edgar et al., 2020).
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for the parity study sample. CT images obtained from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database (
Edgar et al., 2020).
| 0 Births (n = 18) | 1–2 Births (n = 20) | 3–4 Births (n = 22) | ≥5 Births (n = 4) |
---|
Age | 34.78 ± 9.63 | 38.80 ± 8.47 | 40.82 ± 7.98 | 36.25 ± 5.74 |
Stature (m) | 1.63 ± 0.08 | 1.63 ± 0.08 | 1.64 ± 0.09 | 1.65 ± 0.09 |
Table 3.
Results of PSW and gut volume statistical analyses. Bolded values represent a significant p-value (<0.05).
Table 3.
Results of PSW and gut volume statistical analyses. Bolded values represent a significant p-value (<0.05).
Measurement | Gut Volume p-Values (t-Test; Grouped by Small/Large) | Gut Volume p-Values (Regression Analysis; Grouped by Small/Large) |
---|
| Overall (n = 92) | Males (n = 44) | Females (n = 48) | Overall (n = 92) | Males (n = 44) | Females (n = 48) |
---|
Superior PSW | 0.322 | 0.402 | 0.125 | 0.855 | 0.727 | 0.113 |
Middle PSW | 0.214 | 0.174 | 0.304 | 0.497 | 0.784 | 0.170 |
Inferior PSW | 0.225 | 0.383 | 0.122 | 0.186 | 0.003 | 0.142 |
Table 4.
Results of PAW and gut volume statistical analyses. Bolded values represent a significant p-value (<0.05).
Table 4.
Results of PAW and gut volume statistical analyses. Bolded values represent a significant p-value (<0.05).
Measurement | Gut Volume p-Values (t-Test; Grouped by Small/Large) | Gut Volume p-Values (Regression Analysis; Grouped by Small/Large) |
---|
| Overall (n = 92) | Males (n = 44) | Females (n = 48) | Overall (n = 92) | Males (n = 44) | Females (n = 48) |
---|
Superior PAW | 0.041 | 0.128 | 0.056 | 0.333 | 0.027 | 0.276 |
Middle PAW | 0.066 | 0.060 | 0.475 | 0.450 | 0.002 | 0.333 |
Inferior PAW | 0.125 | 0.047 | 0.122 | 0.736 | 0.003 | 0.752 |
Table 5.
Summary of results from multiple regression analyses comparing pubic symphysis width (PSW) and pubic arch width (PAW) with gut volume (GV). Each regression model uses stature as a covariate (e.g., SPSW~GV + Stature). The beta coefficients (slopes) of each predictor variable and their p-values, the r2 values of the regression models, and the p-values of the models are reported; bolded p-values with an asterisk * indicate a p < 0.05.
Table 5.
Summary of results from multiple regression analyses comparing pubic symphysis width (PSW) and pubic arch width (PAW) with gut volume (GV). Each regression model uses stature as a covariate (e.g., SPSW~GV + Stature). The beta coefficients (slopes) of each predictor variable and their p-values, the r2 values of the regression models, and the p-values of the models are reported; bolded p-values with an asterisk * indicate a p < 0.05.
Variable | β Gut Volume | β Stature | r2 | Model p-Value |
---|
All |
Superior PSW | 0.02 (0.83) | −0.01 (0.51) | −0.02 | 0.79 |
Middle PSW | 0.05 (0.57) | 0.0004 (0.98) | −0.02 | 0.85 |
Inferior PSW | 0.13 (0.22) | −0.01 (0.60) | −0.003 | 0.42 |
Superior PAW | −0.38 (0.32) | −0.05 (0.42) | −0.003 | 0.42 |
Middle PAW | −0.51 (0.48) | −0.09 (0.40) | −0.008 | 0.53 |
Inferior PAW | −0.28 (0.77) | 0.01 (0.95) | −0.021 | 0.96 |
Male |
Superior PSW | −0.09 (0.63) | −0.02 (0.47) | −0.03 | 0.73 |
Middle PSW | −0.01 (0.95) | −0.02 (0.32) | −0.02 | 0.60 |
Inferior PSW | −0.03 (0.88) | −0.03 (0.38) | −0.03 | 0.67 |
Superior PAW | 1.37 (0.01 *) | 0.07 (0.40) | 0.10 | 0.04 * |
Middle PAW | 3.11 (0.0005 *) | 0.11 (0.35) | 0.22 | 0.002 * |
Inferior PAW | 4.58 (0.0004 *) | 0.31 (0.08) | 0.24 | 0.001 * |
Female |
Superior PSW | 0.21 (0.18) | −0.01 (0.68) | −0.003 | 0.41 |
Middle PSW | 0.09 (0.51) | 0.02 (0.19) | −0.02 | 0.26 |
Inferior PSW | 0.19 (0.20) | −0.003 (0.89) | −0.006 | 0.44 |
Superior PAW | −0.74 (0.19) | −0.03 (0.73) | −0.004 | 0.34 |
Middle PAW | −0.39 (0.67) | −0.001 (0.99) | −0.04 | 0.91 |
Inferior PAW | −0.15 (0.91) | 0.10 (0.60) | −0.04 | 0.87 |
Table 6.
Results of PSW/PAW and parity statistical analysis. Three measures (superior, middle, inferior) were conducted at both the PSW and PAW.
Table 6.
Results of PSW/PAW and parity statistical analysis. Three measures (superior, middle, inferior) were conducted at both the PSW and PAW.
Measurement | Parity Comparisons p-Values |
---|
| Overall (ANOVA) | Regression p-Value |
---|
Superior PSW | 0.471 | 0.096845 |
Middle PSW | 0.213 | 0.134483 |
Inferior PSW | 0.345 | 0.363088 |
Superior PAW | 0.086 | 0.12255 |
Middle PAW | 0.970 | 0.660238 |
Inferior PAW | 0.387 | 0.546498 |
Table 7.
Summary of results from multiple regression analyses comparing pubic symphysis width (PSW) and pubic arch width (PAW) with parity. Each regression model uses stature as a covariate (e.g., SPSW~Parity + Stature). The beta coefficients (slopes) of each predictor variable and their p-values, the r2 values of the regression models, and the p-values of the models are reported.
Table 7.
Summary of results from multiple regression analyses comparing pubic symphysis width (PSW) and pubic arch width (PAW) with parity. Each regression model uses stature as a covariate (e.g., SPSW~Parity + Stature). The beta coefficients (slopes) of each predictor variable and their p-values, the r2 values of the regression models, and the p-values of the models are reported.
Variable | β Parity | β Stature | r2 | Model p-Value |
---|
Superior PSW | 0.13 (0.15) | 0.006 (0.68) | 0.004 | 0.33 |
Middle PSW | 0.11 (0.12) | −0.003 (0.79) | 0.01 | 0.27 |
Inferior PSW | 0.06 (0.37) | 0.008 (0.45) | −0.01 | 0.52 |
Superior PAW | −0.53 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.44) | 0.03 | 0.13 |
Middle PAW | −0.16 (0.81) | −0.04 (0.69) | −0.03 | 0.90 |
Inferior PAW | −0.26 (0.77) | −0.06 (0.65) | −0.03 | 0.87 |