Considering Imperial Complexity in Prehistory: A Polyethnic Wari Enclave in Moquegua, Peru
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Identifying Early Empires
1.2. The Wari Empire of Peru
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inka Imperial Strategies
2.2. Archaeological Correlates of State-Induced Relocation
3. Results
3.1. Evidence from Cerro Mejía
3.1.1. State Sustained vs. Self-Sustained
3.1.2. Temporary vs. Permanent
3.1.3. Local or Foreign
House Construction and Features
Pottery Assemblage
Mortuary Materials
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Context | Uncal. BP | Lab Number | Specimen | Calibrated AD, 2 Sigma |
---|---|---|---|---|
Early Infrastructure | ||||
Upriver Buried Terraces | 1551 ± 22 | D-AMS032575 | Carbon | 522–637 (94.4%) |
Early Construction Activity at Cerro Mejía | ||||
Un 20 | 1414 ± 36 | AA90354 | Carbon | 631–689 (69%) 738–773 (19.8%) |
Un 17 | 1402 ± 38 | AA90350 | Carbon | 635–692 (60.2%) 733–774 (27.8%) |
Un 19 | 1396 ± 36 | AA90353 | Carbon | 638–692 (58.3%) 734–774 (30.9%) |
Un 18 | 1386 ± 36 | AA90352 | Carbon | 642–692 (50.4%) 700–773 (45.0%) |
Un 18 | 1386 ± 37 | AA90351 | Carbon | 642–693 (49.6%) 699–773 (45.9%) |
Un 18 | 1360 ± 36 | AA90357 | Carbon | 649–775, (95.4%) |
Un17 | 1340 ± 43 | AA90349 | Carbon | 651–776, (82.6%) |
Un 18 | 1333 ± 36 | AA90363 | Carbon | 658–776, (85.6%) |
Un 4 | 1317 ± 29 | D-AMS032578 | Carbon | 671–777 (79.6%) |
Un 145 | 1315 ± 29 | D-AMS032577 | Carbon | 673–777 (78.9%) |
Peek Colonial Settlement | ||||
Un 3 | 1313 ± 58 | AA41951 | Carbon | 656–888, 85.6% |
Un 18 | 1300 ± 43 | AA90361 | Carbon | 675–883, 95.4% |
Un 136 | 1293 ± 35 | D-AMS032576 | Burnt Corncob | 684–745 (44.5%) 784–875 (47.6%) |
Un 136 | 1289 ± 41 | AA41956 | Carbon | 679–758 (37.3%) 766–886 (58.2%) |
Un 145 | 1284 ± 54 | AA41952 | Carbon | 669–895 (93.2%) |
Un 22 | 1272 ± 28 | D-AMS032583 | Carbon | 771–885 (78%) |
Un 118 | 1269 ± 42 | AA41955 | Carbon | 680–753 (23%) 766–895 (70.5%) |
Un 18 | 1269 ± 42 | AA90359 | Carbon | 680–753 (23%) 766–895 (70.5%) |
Un 5 | 1268 ± 40 | AA41957 | Carbon | 682–749 (21.5%) 767–894 (72.7%) |
Un 18 | 1248 ± 37 | AA90364 | Carbon | 771–897 (81%) |
Un 18 | 1248 ± 34 | AA90360 | Carbon | 771–897 (84.7%) |
Un 20 | 1242 ± 29 | D-AMS032581 | Carbon | 771–896 (89.7%) |
Un 17 | 1242 ± 26 | D-AMS032580 | Carbon | 771–896 (89.7%) |
Un 17 | 1227 ± 24 | D-AMS032579 | Carbon | 772–895 (89.7%) |
Late Colonial Activity | ||||
Un 20 | 1210 ± 29 | D-AMS032582 | Carbon | 771–821 (24.8%) 831–906 (38.3%) 917–974 (31.7%) |
Un17 | 1152 ± 35 | AA90356 | Burnt Seed | 882–995, (90.2%) |
Un 18 | 1143 ± 34 | AA90358 | Carbon | 887–995, (88.5%) |
Cerro Petroglifo Construction Offering | 930 ± 35 | Beta371972 | Carbon | 1045–1090 (21.8%) 1102–1223 (73.6%) |
Labor Resources: | Self-Sustained vs. State-Sustained | Local vs. Foreign Material Culture and Activity Patterns | Permanent vs. Temporary |
---|---|---|---|
Reducción | Self-sustained | Local | Permanent |
Hatun Runa (m’ita) | State-sustained | Local or Foreign | Temporary |
Mitamae | Self-sustained | Foreign | Permanent |
Yanacona | State-sustained | Foreign | Permanent |
Unit 1 | Unit 3 | Unit 4 | Unit 5 | Unit 6 | Unit 17 | Unit 18 | Unit 19 | Unit 20 | Unit 118 | Unit 145 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 52 | N = 909 | N = 1005 | N = 257 | N = 229 | N = 3402 | N = 723 | N = 175 | N = 501 | N = 595 | N = 311 | |
Paste 1 | 25% | 10.1% | 16.7% | 4.3% | 12.2% | 49.9% | 62.2% | 41.7% | 42.1% | 16.8% | 32.2% |
Paste 2 | 36.5% | 6.4% | 6.4% | 47.5% | 38.9% | 5.5% | 13.4% | 20% | 15.2% | 13.1% | 5.8% |
Paste 3 | 3.8% | 18.3% | 20.3% | 21% | 7.9% | 0.6% | 5.5% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 10.3% | 1.9% |
Paste 4 | 7.7% | 12.1% | 16.5% | 5.4% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 3.3% | 0 | 0.2% | 5.4% | 2.3% |
Paste 5 | 9.6% | 22.9% | 23.7% | 18.3% | 30.6% | 31.3% | 3% | 8 | 2.6% | 43% | 35.7% |
Paste 6 | 0 | 10.1% | 7.5% | 3.5% | 2.6% | 9 | 10.4% | 25.7% | 36.5% | 6.7% | 1.9% |
Paste 7 | 0 | 11.7% | 0.5% | 0 | 0.9% | 0.3% | 0 | 2.9% | 1% | 2.5% | 0.6% |
Paste 8 | 17.3% | 1% | 6.9% | 0 | 0.9% | <0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3% |
Paste 9 | 0 | 2.8% | 1.6% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.7% | 0 | 0 | 2% | 0 |
Paste 10 | 0 | 4.5% | 0 | 0 | 2.2% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 2.2% | 0.2% | 19.3% |
Paste 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.7% | 0.5% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
99.9% | 99.9% | 100.1% | 100% | 100.1% | 99.9% | 99.9% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
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Nash, D.J. Considering Imperial Complexity in Prehistory: A Polyethnic Wari Enclave in Moquegua, Peru. Humans 2022, 2, 104-137. https://doi.org/10.3390/humans2030008
Nash DJ. Considering Imperial Complexity in Prehistory: A Polyethnic Wari Enclave in Moquegua, Peru. Humans. 2022; 2(3):104-137. https://doi.org/10.3390/humans2030008
Chicago/Turabian StyleNash, Donna J. 2022. "Considering Imperial Complexity in Prehistory: A Polyethnic Wari Enclave in Moquegua, Peru" Humans 2, no. 3: 104-137. https://doi.org/10.3390/humans2030008