Systematization of the Manual Construction Process for a Screwed and Strapped Laminated Curved Bamboo Beam in Jericoacoara, Brazil: A Sustainable Low-Tech Approach

Abstract

The construction sector is a major contributor to environmental degradation due to high energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. This study presents a low-tech, sustainable construction system based on the manual fabrication of curved laminated bamboo beams, assembled with screws and steel straps, without adhesives or heavy machinery. The case study is part of a bamboo roof structure built within Jericoacoara National Park, Brazil, using Dendrocalamus asper for its mechanical strength and carbon storage capacity. The construction process of three vertical lower laminated curved beams (Vig.CLIV-1, CLIV-2, and CLIV-3) was systematized into two main phases—preparation and construction. Due to the level of detail involved, only Vig.CLIV-1 is fully presented, broken down into work items, processes, and sub-processes to identify critical points for quality control and time efficiency. Comparative analysis of the three beams complements the findings, highlighting differences in logistics, labor performance, and learning outcomes. The results demonstrate the potential of this handcrafted system to achieve high geometric accuracy in complex site conditions, with low embodied energy and strong replicability. Developed by bamboo specialists from Colombia and Peru with support from local assistants, this experience illustrates the viability of low-impact, appropriate construction solutions for ecologically sensitive contexts and advances the integration of sustainable, replicable practices in architectural design.

1. Introduction

Bamboo has attracted increasing attention as a promising building material due to its excellent mechanical properties and environmentally friendly characteristics [1]. It is considered a viable alternative to steel, offering natural performance, low cost, rapid growth, and a high carbon-fixing capacity [2,3,4,5,6]. These features position bamboo as a sustainable and efficient solution in the fields of architecture and engineering [7]. However, its circular cross-section and hollow interior limit its widespread use in modern construction [1], even more so for architectural proposals with curved elements [7].

Arch structures represent a distinctive structural form, as they effectively minimize tensile stresses and fully exploit the compressive strength of the material [8]. Such structures have been widely adopted in contemporary buildings, often using steel or steel-composite systems [9,10]. However, growing environmental concerns have spurred interest in the use of ecological materials. In this regard, the construction and mechanical behavior of wooden arch structures has been extensively studied [10]. By contrast, curved bamboo structures still face significant developmental challenges, despite bamboo being considered an ideal substitute for wood amid global forest resource scarcity. Therefore, research on the use of bamboo in arched systems—particularly through laminated curved elements—is both relevant and timely. Laminated curved bamboo beams offer a viable solution for organic architectural designs, combining esthetics with functionality, enabling large spans, enhancing spatial quality, and maximizing the material’s mechanical performance.

Many academics have conducted relevant research on the mechanical properties and reinforcement technologies of bamboo beams [9]. The manufacturing processes and basic mechanical behavior of glued laminated bamboo have also been extensively studied, particularly in structural applications such as beams, columns, and panels [8,11,12,13] demonstrating consistently high structural efficiency. However, studies specifically addressing laminated curved bamboo beams remain limited. An exception is the work by Yang et al. [9], which examines the influence of height-to-length and thickness-to-length ratios on bending behavior, identifying fiber fracture and delamination as the primary failure mechanisms—thereby recommending polymer reinforcement.

To date, no scientific research has investigated curved laminated beams made from handcrafted bamboo strips, fastened with screws and reinforced with metal straps. Nevertheless, such systems have been implemented in recent architectural projects—for example, in Tulum, Mexico—where multiple built examples demonstrate the technique in practice. These field experiences have prompted engineers to complement the approach with structural analysis. Yet, the absence of rigorous studies on its mechanical performance and construction methodology continues to hinder its standardization and broader adoption. This underscores the need to validate the technique as a feasible alternative—particularly in Latin American regions with abundant bamboo resources and demand for sustainable construction in ecologically and economically sensitive areas.

Brazil possesses 89% of bamboo genera and 65% of species found in Latin America [14], including two widely used introduced species: Dendrocalamus asper and Phyllostachys edulis (Moso bamboo). Despite being the world’s second-largest bamboo biodiversity holder—after China—and having abundant raw material across its territory, bamboo is still not widely accepted as a viable construction material [15]. As Da Silva [16] notes, bamboo remains marginal in Brazilian civil construction compared to reinforced concrete, steel, and timber. As a result, comprehensive research on bamboo-based construction systems remains limited.

To address this gap, this study presents the case of a bamboo roof structure built for the Chili Beach Hotel in Jericoacoara National Park, Ceará, Brazil. As a prominent ecotourism destination [17], Jericoacoara provides a strategic setting for demonstrating bamboo’s potential in protected natural environments. This privately funded project supports both sustainable infrastructure and research on bamboo-based architectural systems.

The architectural design includes three spatial volumes—referred to as “fins”—of varying sizes. The smaller and intermediate volumes are composed of two trusses (vertical and diagonal), while the largest volume incorporates a third rear truss. Each truss is constructed using two curved laminated bamboo beams (upper and lower), connected by round bamboo culms. These volumes are then braced with additional round culm members and enclosed by a structural weave made from bamboo strips, forming an integrated system of laminated curved bamboo beams.

This research focuses on the manual construction of one such element, designated Vig.CLIV-1 (vertical lower laminated curved beam 1 of vertical truss 1, Fin 1). The study documents each stage of its fabrication—from planimetry and material preparation to assembly, adjustment, and final finishing—organized into two phases: preparation and construction. Throughout, logistics and safety considerations are integrated into the workflow. The objective is to systematize the manual construction process of a low-tech, screwed and strapped laminated curved bamboo beam, identify key technical and logistical factors affecting quality and time, and provide a replicable model supported by comparative insights from similar structural elements.

Although the structure includes several laminated curved bamboo beams, this article focuses on the three vertical lower beams—each corresponding to one architectural volume—due to their shared typology and strategic structural role. Among them, Vig.CLIV-1 was selected for detailed systematization based on its greater logistical and technical complexity. A comparative analysis of all three beams was also conducted to support the methodological approach and reinforce the validity of the findings.

In doing so, the paper provides a technical reference for architects, engineers, and sustainable design practitioners, outlining practical guidelines for implementing innovative, handcrafted laminated bamboo techniques in contemporary construction.

Jericoacoara, recognized as one of the most beautiful beaches in the world, is today a major Brazilian tourist destination [18]. Located in the state of Ceará, the village of Jericoacoara lies within the buffer zone of Jericoacoara National Park, a designated Conservation Unit. With approximately 4000 residents, the village has experienced accelerated housing development since the arrival of electricity. However, the absence of urban planning has led to extensive real estate speculation, with construction often encroaching upon protected areas and even beach zones, causing geomorphological alterations and long-term environmental impacts. In this context, the adoption of low-impact construction systems becomes essential. Conventional practices generate solid waste, disturb bird habitats through noise, and degrade soils, groundwater, and air quality. By contrast, bamboo emerges as a biodegradable, non-toxic alternative that does not generate hazardous waste. While not native to Jericoacoara, bamboo is abundant in other regions of Brazil, and its use reduces the need for extracting local natural resources. The system implemented in this study demonstrates how bamboo-based solutions can contribute to preserving ecological integrity in protected areas, while enabling sustainable architectural development adapted to sensitive environments.

In addition to systematizing the construction process, the aim is to evaluate its contributions to environmental sustainability and its viability as a replicable solution in ecologically sensitive areas.

2. Materials and Methods

This study analyzes the manual construction process of a laminated curved bamboo beam, as part of a roof structure composed of a system of curved elements, located in Jericoacoara, Ceará, Brazil. An experimental approach was used, based on empirical logic and the technical expertise of bamboo construction specialists, documented continuously during execution.

2.1. Pre-Assembly Stages

Prior to the erection of the bamboo structure, five key stages were developed:

• Architectural and structural design: A system of curved beams was defined to respond to the shape of the trusses and the articulation of three architectural volumes of different sizes, ensuring structural coherence and viability for manual execution. The system included curved beams with round bamboo elements, as well as a structural gridshell made from bamboo strips: Plans, 3D models, and scale models were prepared to facilitate spatial and technical understanding of the structure.
• Preliminary concrete works and layout: Guide axes were executed, existing structures were reinforced, and cylindrical concrete pillars with metal anchors were built.
• Reception and quality control of materials: Round bamboo culms and bamboo strips were verified, revealing deficiencies in preservation treatment, a lack of uniformity in the strips, and significant differences between the delivered curvatures and those specified for the round bamboo elements.
• Redesign of the curved beam system: Given these limitations, the original system of curved round bamboo beams was reformulated, replacing them with laminated curved beams while maintaining the original architectural geometry and design. A laminated curved beam was proposed, consisting of three groups of ten bamboo strips (3.5 cm × 1 cm) joined with screws and metal straps.
• Final material preparation: All the bamboo material was re-immunized, strip dimensions were adjusted, and new strips were prepared to complete the structural system and the gridshell roof.

As a result, the final version of the structure was consolidated (Figure 1), with all structural elements properly coded (Figure 2). During the construction, each beam was built sequentially, from the largest volume to the smallest, optimizing the molding, structural assembly, and functional integration.

2.2. Justification of the Approach

While the structure incorporates multiple laminated curved beams, this article focuses on the systematization of the construction process of the three lower vertical laminated curved beams, which share a common structural typology under different conditions.

Each of these beams forms one of the three architectural volumes:

• Vig.CLIV-1, corresponding to the smallest volume, was built entirely at height using scaffolding, in a context of high logistical complexity.
• Vig.CLIV-2, part of the medium-sized volume, was partially supported by an existing building, offering better maneuverability and material quality.
• Vig.CLIV-3, corresponding to the largest volume, consisted of a partial arch, anchored to a pedestal (right side) and to a structure of the existing building.

These three beams were analyzed comparatively based on five aspects: construction logistics, unproductive time, learning curve progression, overall execution performance, and labor input. Other curved beams in the system—such as the upper vertical beams or the lower and upper diagonal beams—were not included, considering that the structural design comprises different types of trusses (vertical and diagonal) that vary according to their position within the architectural volumes, their orientation, and the specific technical sub-processes required. This prevents a homogeneous comparison. For example, Volume 3 includes a rear diagonal truss with an upper and lower beam that presents different geometric and logistical conditions compared to the analyzed vertical beams.

Although all three beams were fully documented and systematized into Phase 1 (preparation) and Phase 2 (construction), with the identification of processes and sub-processes, only the complete breakdown of beam Vig.CLIV-1 is presented in this article. This decision responds to space constraints and the technical richness of this specific case. The summarized data from Vig.CLIV-2 and Vig.CLIV-3 were used to support the comparative analysis of performance, logistics, and labor efficiency across different construction scenarios.

Within this comparative framework, a detailed process analysis was carried out for beam Vig.CLIV-1, as it represented the highest level of technical complexity. This allowed for the identification of critical stages, the definition of quality control checkpoints, and recognition of key factors influencing performance, material behavior, and time efficiency. These insights informed the broader comparison among the three beams and offer a practical reference for the implementation of similar low-tech systems in other contexts.

2.3. Organization of the Technical Analysis

As shown in the phase diagram (Figure 3), the documentation of the process was organized into two operational phases, each subdivided into four technical work units:

• Phase 1—Preparation: 1.1 Site layout drawings, 1.2 Verification of bases, 1.3 Layout and staking, 1.4 Preparation of the material, bamboo strips.
• Phase 2—Construction: 2.1 Logistics and security, 2.2 Assembly, 2.3 Adjustment, 2.4 Construction finishing.

Each phase was broken down into work unit processes, and sub-processes, documenting activities, quantities, times, personnel involved, tools, and materials. Information was collected through the site logbook, monitoring tables, photographs, videos, and diagrams.

These data were organized together with the technical team, enabling the systematization of the construction procedure of Vig.CLIV-1 with a quantified and detailed perspective, considering execution times, unforeseen events, and critical control points in each phase.

2.4. Environmental Considerations of the Method

In parallel with the technical analysis, the environmental implications of the construction system were evaluated through a process-based observational approach. Although a formal life cycle assessment (LCA) was not applied, key low-impact indicators were identified: the use of hand tools and/or portable electrical equipment, the absence of adhesives or heavy machinery, and the system’s disassembly.

This low-tech, low-impact strategy aligns with contemporary principles of sustainable construction, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas such as Jericoacoara.

2.5. Materials, Equipment and Tools

The main material used in the assembly of beam Vig.CLIV-1 was bamboo from Rio de Janeiro, specifically the species Dendrocalamus asper, with an average diameter of 12 cm, processed into strips. This was followed by steel components for adjustments and other materials employed throughout Phases 1 and 2 (

Table 1. Materials used in the construction of beam Vig.CLIV-1.

Code	Material
1 M	Annealed wire N°16
2 M	Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper), logs of different lengths.
3 M	Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper), strips of 3.5 cm × 1 cm × 6 m.
4 M	Bamboo strips pieces
5 M	BAND-IT 1/2” Stainless Steel Tape
6 M	BAND-IT 1/2” Steel Buckles
7 M	Bichromate Spack Screws (3 × 30 mm, 3.5 × 30 mm, 3 × 70 mm, 3 × 90 mm)
8 M	Bond paper (A3 and A4)
9 M	Cloth rag
10 M	Hex Head Self Drilling Screw Bit 3”
11 M	Massaranduba wood pieces (2 cm thick × 4 cm wide, lengths from 50 cm to 1 m)
12 M	Nylon thread
13 M	Ochre powder
14 M	Open pore protective treatment for wood
15 M	Pieces of wood of different sizes
16 M	Pieces of 3/8” threaded steel rod, length 50 cm and 25 cm
17 M	Phillips S2 PH2 tip.
18 M	Safety ropes (stiffen scaffolding)
19 M	Safety rope—Lifeline
20 M	Steel concrete nails (1”, 2”, 3”)
21 M	Wood nails (1”, 2”, 3”)
22 M	Wooden planks for joining scaffolding
23 M	Yellow spray paint

). As for the equipment and tools, most of them were applied manually (

Table 2. Equipment and tools used in the construction of the beam Vig.CLIV-1.

Code	Equipment and Tools—Accessories	Manual	Electric
1 EH	Blowtorch	✓
2 EH	Cable extension 20 m long		✓
3 EH	Carpenter’s pencil	✓
4 EH	Cordless Hammer Drill 1/2” 20 v		✓
5 EH	Cutting pliers 8”	✓
6 EH	Cutter	✓
7 EH	Drill Bit 3/8” 40 cm length		✓
8 EH	Drill Bit 3/4”		✓
9 EH	Diamond cutting disk for concrete		✓
10 EH	Electric Circular Saw–adapted to bench		✓
11 EH	Electric Hammer Drill 1/2” 650 W		✓
12 EH	Electric Polisher 4–1/2”		✓
13 EH	Electrician’s Tie Down Pliers 8”	✓
14 EH	Hexagon Cup ¾		✓
15 EH	Hacksaw	✓
16 EH	Machete 24” 60 cm	✓
17 EH	Manual strapping machine BAND IT system	✓
18 EH	Mason’s plumb line	✓
19 EH	Metal hammer	✓
20 EH	Miter saw machine 12”		✓
21 EH	Mooring key (Tortol)	✓
22 EH	Professional Tubular Bow for 12” Hacksaw	✓
23 EH	Pull Line.	✓
24 EH	Steel scaffolding	✓
25 EH	Spiral Drill Bit 3/8”, for wood		✓
26 EH	Squares (45° and 60°)	✓	✓
27 EH	Tape measure 8 m	✓
28 EH	Transparent water-level hose	✓	✓
29 EH	Triangular file for sharpening	✓
30 EH	Wooden easels.	✓
31 EH	Wooden mallet	✓
32 EH	Woodworking press 9”	✓
33 EH	Woodworking press 12”	✓

), and in two programs for the initial preparation of the graphs (

Table 3. Programs used in the construction of beam Vig.CLIV-1.

Code	Programs	Manual	Electric
1P	AutoCad		✓
2P	Sketch up		✓

).

3. Results

The systematization of the manual construction process of the “Vertical Lower Laminated Curved Bamboo Beam” (Vig.CLIV-1), that is 10.5 cm wide, 11 cm thick, and 14 m long, composed of three groups of 10 strips measuring 3.5 cm by 1 cm each (Figure 4), totaling 90 strips—was organized into two main phases: F1-preparation and F2-construction. Each phase was structured into tasks, subdivided into processes and sub-processes, allowing a detailed and transparent visualization of all aspects involved in the beam’s execution.

Based on the strip dimensions and quantity, the total volume of bamboo used in this element was approximately 0.1617 m³. An estimation of the beam’s carbon storage was calculated accordingly.

The processes were analyzed in terms of the number of sub-processes and the time spent in hours for each one, which was obtained by measuring the time in hours of each sub-process, which allowed for the identification of relevant aspects for quality and time control. In most of the sub-processes, the crew was made up of a specialist, a carpentry journeyman, and two assistants, because work was carried out at height on scaffolding and at level 0. The supervisor participated in the verification sub-processes, mainly in Phase 1.

Phase 1—Preparation (

Table 4. Systematization of Phase 1—preparation of the vertical lower laminated curved beam (Vig.CLIV-1).

N°	Work Item	Process		Sub-Process
1	site layout drawings	1.1	Preparation of schematic projection plans in plan and elevation.	1.1.1	Draw details of the Vig.CLIV-1 beam. Measurements, number of elements.
				1.1.2	Layout a line along Axis 1 of Vig.CLIV-1 beam. Mark dimensions every 80 cm from the intersection with Axis B (center) towards both sides.
				1.1.3	Layout a perpendicular line from the base in elevation to the midpoint of the beam’s lower curve of the Vig.CLIV-1 beam. Then, draw parallel lines every 80 cm from the center outward in both directions, and mark vertical dimensions from each intersection point on the curve down to the base.
2	verification of bases	2.1	Verification of axes and anchors in the bases.	2.1.1	Transfer and mark axes on the bases—pedestals
				2.1.2	Check and align 1/2” iron anchors on the bases—pedestals
		2.2	Verification of the level of the bases.	2.2.1	Run the level
3	layout and staking	3.1	Marking out the curved reference line, according to the plans (1.1)	3.1.1	Mark lines and points on the ground—base according to the schematic elevation plan of the Vig.CLIV-1 beam.
				3.1.2	Place and secure a vertical guide element (bamboo culm) at each point of the line on the ground (1.1.2) to make the height line.
				3.1.3	Plumb vertical guide elements and secure.
				3.1.4	Run the level to align base measurement of the vertical guide elements.
				3.1.5	Mark height measurements on each vertical guide element to generate the curve guide according to the plans (1.1.3)
				3.1.6	Build a wooden support square and attach it to each vertical guide element, just below the height mark. Use these brackets as the base to begin assembling beam Vig.CLIV-1
		3.2	Installation of scaffolding and lifelines	3.2.1	Enable scaffolding (bodies) for the installation of vertical guide elements, with wooden support brackets.
				3.2.2	Install a lifeline for working at height.
		3.3	Preparation of the Interior curve guide	3.3.1	Place a bamboo strip along the wooden support brackets and tie it with wire, following the curve guide, to create an initial outline of the Vig.CLIV-1 beam curvature.
				3.3.2	Check and adjust the curvature by positioning three bamboo strips and securing them with wire to verify the curve’s measurements, shape, and end alignment. Make necessary adjustments.
				3.3.3	Install and secure the wooden support brackets onto the vertical elements, following the layout, to define the final curved guide for beam Vig.CLIV-1.
4	preparation of the material—bamboo strips	4.1	Quality control and classification of bamboo strips (Start of work process)	4.1.1	Make the first selection of good quality bamboo strips: mature, without holes, without rot fungi.
				4.1.2	Make a second selection of bamboo strips: the straightest and those approximately 3.5 cm for curved beams, the least straight strips and those less than 3.5 cm for the structural weave, and the rest for testing or other temporary processes.
				4.1.3	Organize bamboo strips according to selection (4.1.2).
		4.2	Selection of bamboo strips for Vig. CLIV-1 beam.	4.2.1	Select straight bamboo strips that are as uniform as possible, 6 ml long, 3.5 cm wide, and 1 cm thick.
		4.3	Enabling of bamboo strips (brushing and polishing)	4.3.1	Brush 3 sides of the strips to adjust the size (1 side of 3.5 cm and 2 sides of 1 cm), leaving one side with silica and knots.
				4.3.2	Devastate the faces of the bamboo strips to remove the internal knots (eardrums).
				4.3.3	Polishing bamboo strips with a machine, disk, on all sides.

) included four work items, with nine processes and a total of 24 sub-processes, describing the sequential activities that were carried out to meet the objectives of this phase, mainly ensuring the geometric design of construction drawings, controlling the bases, establishing the layout and guides, and preparing the appropriate materials.

In the case of the process “4.1 Quality control and classification of bamboo strips” with its respective sub-processes (4.1.1, 4.1.2, and 4.1.3), they are necessary for the elaboration of the vertical lower laminated curved beam (Vig.CLIV-1); however, they are carried out at the beginning of the work together with the control of all the materials (Stage 3—Reception and quality control of materials); Therefore, for the analysis they are quantified, but they are not considered in the evaluation of time.

Figure 5 shows that the process with the highest number of sub-processes (6) was 3.1 Marking out the curved reference line, which reflects the complexity of performing a layout at height in terms of the logistics and level of detail required. The remaining processes included between 1 and 3 sub-processes. Figure 6 presents time in hours spent on each process, once again highlighting process 3.1 Marking out the curved reference line, with 18 h, and 4.3 Enabling of bamboo strips (brushing and polishing), with 14 h. Both processes marked the first control for the precision and quality of the product.

The total time spent on Phase 1 was 51 h and 20 min, which would be approximately 6 days based on an 8-h workday. However, Phase 1 lasted 10 days (Figure 7), as other construction activities not related to the lower vertical laminated curved beam (Vig.CLIV-1) were carried out simultaneously. Figure 7 also shows the dates on which it was developed with the number of weeks related to the complete work of this phase.

Environmental impact during the preparation phase was notably low, as all operations were carried out manually or using portable electric tools, thereby avoiding high-energy machinery and minimizing noise emissions—an essential consideration in ecologically sensitive settings like Jericoacoara. Although the bamboo strips were sourced from São Paulo—where the most reliable available supplier was located at the time—the on-site preparation eliminated the need for cranes or the transportation of pre-assembled components, which would have resulted in higher emissions and packaging waste. This localized, low-carbon, and artisanal approach reinforces the environmental value of the construction system.

Phase 2—Construction (

Table 5. Systematization of Phase 2—Construction of the vertical lower laminated curved beam (Vig.CLIV-1).

N°	Work Item	Process		Sub-Process
1	logistics and security	1.1	Security and assembly logistics (Permanent process)	1.1.1	Check and move scaffolding.
				1.1.2	Check safety lines for working at heights.
				1.1.3	Place wooden support elements between the scaffolding, as the installation of the bamboo strips progresses.
2	assembly of vertical lower laminated curved beam (Vig.CLIV-1)	2.1	Assembly of the First Group (G1) of bamboo strips.	2.1.1	Prepare and pass selected straight bamboo strips (3.5 cm x 1 cm x 6 m) as evenly as possible (30 units).
				2.1.2	Verify plumbness.
				2.1.3	Place the 1st row of bamboo strips of Group 1, according to the GUIDE of the curvature of the Vig.CLIV-1 (from one end to the other), and secure with wire.
				2.1.4	Install the 2nd and 3rd rows of bamboo strips from Group 1, splicing and securing them with wire along the full length. Ensure they are properly aligned.
				2.1.5	Place clamps if required, to press bamboo strips (every 20 cm).
				2.1.6	Fasten the first three rows of bamboo strips at 20 cm intervals using bichromate-coated Spax screws.
				2.1.7	Remove wire so that it does not get stuck.
				2.1.8	Place the 4th and 5th rows of bamboo strips from Group 1, splicing and securing them with wire from end to end. Verify correct alignment throughout.
				2.1.9	Cut a bamboo strip to splice with another one, aligning it according to the on-site measurements when placing it.
				2.1.10	Hit the end of the bamboo strip with the hammer to make a good joint.
				2.1.11	Place presses, if required, to press bamboo strips (every 20 cm).
				2.1.12	Screw 5 rows of bamboo strips (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th) every 20 cm with 5 cm screws.
				2.1.13	Remove wire so that it does not get stuck.
				2.1.14	Place the 6th, 7th, and 8th rows of bamboo strips from Group 1, splicing and securing them with wire from end to end. Verify correct alignment throughout.
				2.1.15	Cut a bamboo strip to splice with another one, aligning it according to the on-site measurements when placing it.
				2.1.16	Hit the end of the bamboo strip with the hammer to make a good joint.
				2.1.17	Place presses, if required, to press bamboo strips (every 20 cm).
				2.1.18	Screw 5 rows of bamboo strips (4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th) every 20 cm using 5 cm screws.
				2.1.19	Remove wire so that it does not get stuck.
				2.1.20	Place the 9th and 10th rows of bamboo strips from Group 1, splicing and securing them with wire from end to end. Verify correct alignment throughout.
				2.1.21	Cut a bamboo strip to splice with another one, aligning it according to the on-site measurements when placing it.
				2.1.22	Hit the end of the bamboo strip with the hammer to make a good joint.
				2.1.23	Place presses, if required, to press bamboo strips (every 20 cm).
				2.1.24	Screw 7 rows of bamboo strips (4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th) every 20 cm. Using 7 cm screws
				2.1.25	Remove the wire so that it does not get stuck and all the excess.
				2.1.26	Check fit throughout the process
		2.2	Assembly of the Second Group (G2) of bamboo strips.	2.2.1-2.2.26	The 26 processes of 2.1 are repeated.
		2.3	Assembly of the Third Group (G3) of bamboo strips.	2.3.1-2.3.26	The 26 processes of 2.2 are repeated.
		2.4	Anchors of the Vig.CLIV-1 beam in the bases (both sides)	2.4.1	Insert the 3/8” threaded rod into the center of Group 1 of bamboo strips (between two strips, drilling through half of each) and place it into the space (ring) created by the bent 3/8” steel of the bases.
				2.4.2	Provide anchoring with 3/8” steel for the bases when assembling Group 2 of bamboo strips. It should be centered between the 5th and 6th rows, devastating both bamboo strips so that the steel fits.
		2.5	Cleaning of beam Vig.CLIV -1	2.5.1	Check and remove wire residue.
				2.5.2	Check if there are any screw tips left to cut flush with the beam.
		2.6	Brushing and polishing of the outer faces (G1 and G2) of beam Vig.CLIV-1	2.6.1	Polish the outer surface of Group 1 bamboo strips.
				2.6.2	Polishing the outer surface of Group 3 of bamboo strips.
				2.6.3	Polishing cleaning with a cloth (both sides).
3	adjustment of vertical lower laminated curved beam (Vig.CLIV-1)	3.1	Press Fit (3 groups of bamboo strips)	3.1.1	Place clamps every 20 cm, adjusting the groups of bamboo strips.
		3.2	Screw (the 3 groups of bamboo strips)	3.2.1	Screw the first row of the 3 groups of bamboo strips, every 20 cm, on both sides, with 7.5 cm screws.
				3.2.2	Screw in another row of the three sets of slats every 20 cm, on both sides, with 7.5 cm screws, if needed.
		3.3	Bolt the base anchors.	3.3.1	Place the washer and nut, adjust and cut off the excess rod with a saw (both sides).
		3.4	Strapping with the BAND-IT System	3.4.1	Place 1/2” BAND-IT stainless steel strap every 45 cm and fasten with 1/2” buckles.
4	construction finishing of beam (Vig.CLIV-1)	4.1	Apply protective treatment with an open-pore product	4.1.1	Dusting with cloth (4 sides)
				4.1.2	Prepare the product and spray it with a blowtorch (4 sides)

) included four work items, with 12 processes and a total of 95 sub-processes, which describe sequential and parallel activities that were carried out to meet the objectives of this phase, ensuring the permanent logistics and safety of work at height, and the quality of the assembly, adjustment, and finishing of the Vig.CLIV-1.

Table 5 shows that the item with the most processes and sub-processes is 2 Assembly of beam Vig.CLIV-1, detailing the 26 sub-processes involved in process 2.1 Assembly of the First Group (G1). These same sub-processes are repeated in process 2.2 Assembly of the Second Group (G2) and in process 2.3 Assembly of the Third Group (G3), which have the highest number of sub-processes (Figure 8). This reflects the level of quality control required in the fitting and uniformity to ensure the structural capacity of the beam as a unit and as a monolithic element. This can be visualized schematically in Figure 9, which shows how beam CLIV-1 is assembled in three groups of ten bamboo strips, with each group gradually placing and adjusting rows of strips from both ends of the base. As shown in Figure 10, which presents photographs of the on-site construction process.

Figure 11 shows time in hours spent on each process, once again highlighting processes 2.1 Assembly of Group G1, 2.2 Assembly of Group G2, and 2.3 Assembly of Group G3, which took between 20 and 23 h. These are followed by process 3.4 Strapping with Band-it System, with 10 h, 1.1 Security and assembly logistics (Permanent process), with 9 h, and 4.1 Apply protective treatment with an open-pore product, with 7 h. The remaining processes each took less than 3 h.

The total time spent on Phase 2 was 98 h and 25 min, which would be approximately 12 days based on an 8-h workday. However, Phase 2 lasted 17 days (Figure 12), due to unforeseen events that occurred such as rainfall, the regulation of working hours due to noise, and coordination meetings. Even so, additional work was performed. Figure 12 also shows the dates on which Phase 2 was developed, with the number of weeks related to the complete work.

From a sustainability perspective, Phase 2 emphasized waste minimization and energy efficiency. The use of mechanical fasteners (screws and steel straps) instead of chemical adhesives enabled a clean assembly process and potential disassembly, supporting principles of reversibility and circularity. The primary equipment used included cordless drills—charged intermittently—and manual clamping tools, avoiding high-consumption machinery. All finishing processes employed open-pore protective products with low toxicity, and safety protocols were adapted to minimize noise during sensitive hours, reducing potential disturbance to local fauna. These measures contribute to making the beam system replicable in protected natural or semi-urban environments.

The total time spent in the manual construction process of beam Vig.CLIV-1, which was assembled entirely with screws and straps (Phase 1+ Phase 2), was 149 h and 45 min, on 26 days in July and August 2022 and one day in March 2023, counting unforeseen events and other activities. All the materials presented in Table 1 and the equipment, tools, and software presented in Table 2 were used. Considering 8-h days a day, only dedicating themselves to the activities related to beam Vig.CLIV-1 and without unforeseen events, the time spent would have been 20 days.

The critical points were reflected in the processes that demanded more time, such as the layout of the curved guide at height and the material preparation during Phase 1, as well as the logistics and ongoing safety measures throughout Phase 2. Likewise, the number of sub-processes and unforeseen events had an impact on the duration of the assembly process of beam CLIV-1 during Phase 2.

Although the results presented earlier focused on beam Vig.CLIV-1, the two other vertical laminated curved beams (Vig.CLIV-2 and Vig.CLIV-3) were also constructed and analyzed. These correspond to vertical truss 2 of volume 2 and vertical truss 3 of volume 3, respectively. All three beams were built using the same technique and under similar construction conditions. This enabled a comparative evaluation of the logistical aspects, efficiency, and learning outcomes. The comparison provides valuable insights into the replicability and optimization potential of the construction system under varying in situ conditions.

Table 6. Logistical conditions during Phase 2 (construction) of the vertical laminated curved beams: support, scaffolding, safety requirements, material quality, and key observations.

Beam	Ph 2 Hours of Logistics	Ph 2 Assembly Hours	% Logistics on Total	Support on Existing Structure	Scaffolding	Lifelines Required	Material Quality	Key Observations
Vig.CLIV 1	9	68.67	12	No	Several units, moved and checked daily	Yes	Low	Work at height, difficult maneuvering
Vig.CLIV 2	1.5	64.92	2	Yes	Four units (2 at each end)	No	Medium	Trestles on roof, good maneuverability.
Vig.CLIV 3	1.5	65.42	2	Yes	Two units (one side)	No	High	Trestles on roof, better strip quality

Ph1: Phase Preparation/Ph2: Phase Construction.

summarizes the time spent on logistics, along with key aspects that influenced the performance of the three beams during the construction phase, such as the type of structural support, scaffolding configuration, lifeline requirements, material quality, and maneuverability during assembly. Notably, beam Vig.CLIV-1 devoted 12% of its total construction time exclusively to logistical activities, a significantly higher value than that recorded for Vig.CLIV-2 and Vig.CLIV-3 (both around 2%). This outcome reflects the greater complexity of beam 1, which was built at a higher elevation, without support on an existing roof, and required constant adjustments to scaffolding and lifelines—factors that strongly conditioned its overall performance.

To better understand the spatial position and contextual differences between the three beams, Figure 13 presents their identification within the structure at various construction stages.

Table 7. Indicators of unproductive time for vertical laminated curved beams (Vig.CLIV-1, Vig.CLIV-2, and Vig.CLIV-3): estimated percentages and main causes of delay.

Beam	Unproductive Time (%)	Delay Factor
Vig.CLIV-1	12–30%	Heavy rain, hotel-imposed restrictions, coordination meetings, and labor shortages
Vig.CLIV-2	2–10%	Rains, meetings, worker absence
Vig.CLIV-3	2–10%	Rains, meetings, worker absence

Note: Percentages are approximate estimates based on construction logs, field observations, and records of days with partial or total work interruptions. They are not derived from continuous time-tracking systems.

presents the indicators of unproductive time, outlining the estimated percentage and the causes of delay observed during the construction of each beam. In this analysis, beam Vig.CLIV-1 exhibited the highest values, with an estimated unproductive time range between 12% and 30%, due to the combination of adverse conditions such as heavy rainfall, hotel-imposed time restrictions, coordination meetings, and staff absences. These percentages were calculated approximately based on construction log entries, field observations, and records of days with partial or total work interruptions. In contrast, beams Vig.CLIV-2 and Vig.CLIV-3 reported lower and more stable ranges (2%–10%), associated with fewer unforeseen events and smoother construction flow.

Table 8. Learning curve for vertical laminated curved beams (Vig.CLIV-1, Vig.CLIV-2, and Vig.CLIV-3): execution order, material condition, technical improvements, and time variation.

Beam	Curvature Size	Execution Order	Material Quality	Technical Improvements	Main Time Constraint	Time Variation Previous Beam (%)
Vig.CLIV-1	Large	5	High	Start of systematization, first curved guides.	Greater curvature and anchoring complexity	N/A
Vig.CLIV-2	Medium	7	Medium	Improved maneuverability and fluidity.	Better access due to roof support	−24.52%
Vig.CLIV-3	Small	11	Low	Altitude and logistics, despite prior experience.	Height, safety logistics, and poor material	+11.86%

summarizes the learning curve observed during the construction of the three beams, including their execution order within the overall laminated curved beam system, material condition, the technical improvements applied, and the time variation relative to the previous beam. In the case of beam Vig.CLIV-1, an increase in total construction time was observed despite the team’s accumulated experience—explained by the aforementioned factors of complex height logistics and higher levels of unproductive time.

Quality control must be maintained throughout all sub-processes, with extended verification times prioritized at the start of each activity. In summary, the following aspects should be emphasized:

• Phase 1:
  • Material. Ensure the quality and characteristics of the bamboo strips according to the specifications. Implement supplier monitoring from planting and all processes to obtaining the bamboo strips, before packaging. With high-quality materials, construction time can be reduced by up to 14 h.
  • Layout. Ensure accuracy according to the geometric design. In this case, time demands were higher due to the beam’s elevation and limited working space, which made the installation of vertical guide poles more complex.
  • Bases. Guarantee the correct positioning of the metal anchor axes.
• Phase 2:
  • Assembly. Ensure uniformity in bamboo strips and correct alignment through screw placement during the construction of beam Vig.CLIV-1.
  • Adjustment. Place steel straps (BAND-IT system) at 45 cm intervals, ensuring a tight fit without over-compression that could damage the bamboo.
  • Finishing. Confirm surface cleanliness and correct application of protective treatment.

To explore possibilities for reducing construction times in Phase 2, it is essential to compare the processes of all the vertical laminated curved beams and evaluate their performance in relation to similar case studies.

The manual construction of beam Vig.CLIV-1 revealed not only critical technical and temporal aspects related to quality control, but also several environmental advantages. The system’s low embodied energy, absence of chemical adhesives, adaptability to site-specific constraints, and clean construction methods make it particularly appropriate for contexts where ecological preservation is a priority. These findings highlight the potential of bamboo-based, low-tech construction as a sustainable alternative for building in protected or low-infrastructure areas.

The data in

Table 9. Comparative performance of the vertical lower laminated curved beams (Vig.CLIV-1, Vig.CLIV-2, and Vig.CLIV-3) during Phase 1 (preparation) and Phase 2 (construction): total length, duration, productivity, and number of sub-processes per linear meter.

Beam	Length (m)	Time (h)			Hours per Linear Meter (h/mL)	Sub-Processes per Meter
		Ph1 (h)	Ph2 (h)	Total (h)		Ph1	Ph2	Total
Vig.CLIV-1	14	51.33	98.42	149.75	10.70	1.71	6.79	8.50
Vig.CLIV-2	16.3	30.83	82.17	113.00	6.93	1.53	5.83	7.36
Vig.CLIV-3	14.8	41.00	85.42	126.42	8.54	1.76	6.49	8.24

Ph1: Phase Preparation/Ph2: Phase Construction.

confirm that Vig.CLIV-1 required the longest construction time, both in absolute terms and relative to its length. Although the number of sub-processes per linear meter was comparable across all beams, the total duration was longer for Vig.CLIV-1 due to the previously discussed factors—namely, its construction at height, lack of support from the existing roof, and greater logistical complexity.

In addition,

Table 10. Labor productivity of the vertical lower laminated curved beams (Vig.CLIV-1, Vig.CLIV-2, and Vig.CLIV-3) during Phase 1 (preparation) and Phase 2 (construction): total man-hours and average time per sub-process.

Beam	Man-Hours			Hours per Sub-Process
	Ph1	P2	Total	Ph1	Ph2	Total
Vig.CLIV-1	310.25	527.42	837.7	2.14	1.04	3.17
Vig.CLIV-2	173.38	416.1	589.5	1.28	0.87	2.15
Vig.CLIV-3	242.53	520.12	762.7	1.71	0.89	2.60

Ph1: Phase Preparation/Ph2: Phase Construction. Note: Man-hour estimates were calculated using standard productivity analysis methods commonly applied in construction project management. Each workday included two specialists working 8.5 effective hours (17 man-hours/day) and three assistants working 6.5 effective hours (19.5 man-hours/day), totaling 36.5 man-hours/day. Calculations followed labor productivity principles outlined by the Project Management Institute (PMI) and technical standards for unit price analysis. Total man-hours per phase were obtained by multiplying this daily figure by the number of workdays and applying an adjustment factor reflecting the effective percentage of uninterrupted work.

presents labor productivity, expressed in total man-hours and average time per sub-process. Once again, Vig.CLIV-1 required significantly more labor hours in both phases, as well as more time per sub-process, confirming the impact of site conditions on labor intensity. These results support the conclusion that the greater resource demands of Vig.CLIV-1 were not due to inefficiencies in task breakdown, but rather to external constraints already addressed in the technical and logistical analysis.

While the comparative data confirms that beam Vig.CLIV-1 required greater time and labor input than the other beams, this reinforces rather than shifts the study’s focus. These variations highlight the importance of systematic documentation in identifying how site conditions, logistics, and material quality influence execution time and resource use. More than quantifying productivity, the goal of this analysis is to understand the underlying factors that affect performance in the construction of manually built curved laminated bamboo beams, assembled with screws and metal strapping, within a low-tech construction system. This reinforces the value of developing a structured methodology to monitor, evaluate, and improve quality and efficiency in real-world applications.

4. Discussion

4.1. Technical Implications of the Systematization

The analysis of beam Vig.CLIV-1 demonstrated that phase-based planning, detailed task sequencing, and continuous verification enable high geometric precision using low-tech resources. Critical stages—such as the preparation of the curved guide, bamboo strip calibration, and sequential joining—revealed that even minimal deviations can compromise compactness and stress distribution, reinforcing the need for precise sizing and adapted construction strategies for quality assurance.

Despite the manual nature of the process, complex geometries were successfully achieved through well-organized workflows and clearly assigned responsibilities. The strategic placement of screws and steel straps ensured strip alignment and monolithic behavior, enhancing structural integrity through simple, accessible methods.

Documenting each stage of execution allowed for the identification of critical paths, timing bottlenecks, and control checkpoints—resulting in a systematization that not only serves as a technical reference but also offers a replicable methodology for future training programs and technical guidelines in low-infrastructure settings.

Previous studies—such as that by Nazidizaji et al. [19] on Shikili houses or Hernández’s [20] doctoral work on multilayered bamboo envelopes—have contributed to the systematization of vernacular or ecological construction, often from a descriptive or projective standpoint. However, this study differs in that it is grounded in on-site empirical practice, documenting each action of an emerging system that is not yet integrated into formal regulatory frameworks.

Furthermore, by quantifying tasks, sub-processes, and resource inputs, the proposed methodology offers a solid foundation for future integration of low-tech bamboo systems into digital tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM).

4.2. Environmental Performance

The proposed system aligns with key principles of environmental sustainability and climate change mitigation. Bamboo contributes to mitigation as a nature-based solution (NbS) through three main pathways: (i) carbon sequestration in forest biomass, (ii) carbon storage in bamboo-based products, and (iii) carbon credits from sustainable forestry [21,22]. It also provides ecosystem services such as erosion control and slope stabilization [23].

In this project, the environmental performance was enhanced not only by the choice of bamboo, but also by the construction method: all phases were executed manually or with portable electric tools, completely avoiding adhesives, heavy machinery, and toxic byproducts. The mechanical joining system allows for disassembly, reuse, and recyclability—principles aligned with circular construction.

Although the bamboo strips were transported from São Paulo due to limited local availability, on-site preparation eliminated the need for prefabricated components, cranes, or excessive packaging, reducing noise and site disturbance in the environmentally protected setting of Jericoacoara.

Compared to conventional materials, the benefits are evident. Sustainably sourced wood and bamboo products have carbon emissions between –9 and –613 kg CO₂eq/m³, while non-renewable construction materials such as concrete and steel emit between 503 and 19,012 kg CO₂eq/m³ [24]. According to Rüter et al. [25], replacing conventional materials with bamboo or timber can reduce emissions by 1.5 to 3.5 tons of CO₂ per ton of harvested product used in construction.

Additionally, based on the strip dimensions and quantity, the total bamboo volume used in beam Vig.CLIV-1 was approximately 0.1617 m³. Using the carbon storage coefficient of 1.68 tons of CO₂ per m³ of bamboo, as reported by Van der Lugt et al. [26], the beam stores an estimated 0.2716 tons of CO₂. While modest in absolute terms, this figure illustrates the potential contribution of low-tech bamboo elements to climate mitigation—particularly when replicated across larger systems or multiple structures.

These findings reinforce bamboo’s value as a renewable, low-carbon material that is well suited for construction in ecologically sensitive contexts.

4.3. Comparison with Similar Systems

Studies on curved laminated bamboo beams remain limited and typically rely on industrial processes involving adhesives, molds, and pressure curing. Yang et al. [9], for example, highlighted the need for further experimental testing of such systems. In contrast, the present study documents a low-tech alternative assembled entirely on site using mechanical joints—without adhesives or mold-based shaping.

Qiu et al. [8] analyzed glued and pressed laminated beams and observed bending failures characterized by fiber fractures and delamination initiated at the crown of the arch. Although the present study did not include mechanical testing, the empirical performance of the beam under service conditions showed no visible signs of structural deformation or failure. These observations suggest the potential of the system but highlight the need for formal mechanical evaluation in future research.

Yang et al. [9] also tested laminated bamboo beams reinforced with braided glass fiber sleeves (GFRP), which significantly enhanced post-peak ductility and controlled delamination. However, their system was based on industrial processes requiring epoxy adhesives, molds, and thermal curing. In contrast, the method documented in this study involved fully manual construction: a curvature guide was defined in situ using bamboo posts, and the beam was progressively assembled with bamboo strips, screws, and steel straps (zunchos), which allowed the geometry to be shaped gradually without the use of industrial molds or bonding agents.

Another technical distinction lies in the strip orientation and section geometry. Yang’s team used vertically oriented strips (5.88 mm × 20 mm), while this study used horizontally placed strips (35 mm × 10 mm), arranged in three bundles of ten to form a 105 mm × 100 mm section—enhancing flexibility and facilitating manual bending.

Although no direct structural tests were conducted, Qiu’s values offer contextual insight: 100 mm thick glued beams reached 58.02 kN under three-point bending, with a flexural strength of 137.6 MPa (supplier data). These figures help estimate the force range for systems with similar dimensions, although they are not directly comparable.

Importantly, the beams studied here are not isolated components but part of an integrated structural system combining laminated bamboo trusses, round bamboo, and a woven gridshell that distributes loads and defines the architectural form.

Finally, the Lambú study [27], published by Artesanías de Colombia, emphasized quality control and process consistency in the transformation of guadua bamboo strips. While focused on semi-industrial products and small-scale design, its lessons on material preparation and standardization are relevant to the type of low-tech system documented here.

4.4. Transferibility, Limitations, and Future Research

The construction system documented in this study shows strong potential for replication in rural or remote settings, as it requires only basic scaffolding, portable tools, and a small team. Its ability to adapt to complex geometries without the need for industrial molds or heavy machinery makes it well suited for community-driven projects or an experimental, low-impact architecture.

However, successful implementation depends heavily on skilled labor, particularly for layout, strip preparation, and sequential fastening. In this project, the participation of international experts was key. In regions with a limited technical capacity, broader adoption will require targeted training programs and local capacity building.

Additionally, bamboo availability varies widely across regions. Establishing reliable supply chains and applying consistent material quality protocols are essential to ensure feasibility and safety, especially if the system is to be scaled or replicated in other contexts.

Although no formal environmental assessment tool (e.g., ACV or MET matrix) was applied, the manual approach and the absence of chemical adhesives suggest a distinct environmental profile. Studies such as that of Lambú. Parámetros de producción de la guadua laminada aplicados al diseño industrial [27] have used environmental matrices to assess guadua transformation processes. These precedents reinforce the need for developing tailored evaluation tools for low-tech bamboo systems that integrate social, environmental, and technical dimensions.

In regulatory terms, the proposed system is not yet covered by existing standards. Colombia’s NSR-10 (Chapter G) [28] remains the most comprehensive regulatory framework for bamboo structures worldwide, particularly in terms of structural design and seismic performance. However, its scope is limited to round bamboo (Guadua angustifolia) used in conventional buildings, and does not include laminated strips or curved configurations. This normative gap underscores the relevance of applied research aimed at validating alternative systems like the one presented here.

Moreover, figures such as those of Simón Vélez—renowned for his large-scale, geometrically complex bamboo architecture—and Jörg Stamm—who specialized in long-span bamboo bridges—have demonstrated the structural potential of the material. Although their approaches have yet to be formalized in regulatory frameworks, they represent valuable contributions to context-sensitive, vernacular, and replicable design strategies.

While this study focused on the systematization of the construction process, future research should address the following areas:

• Mechanical testing of curved laminated beams (e.g., bending, shear, creep);
• Analysis of species variability and connector configurations;
• Comparative performance of glued versus mechanically joined bamboo systems;
• Life cycle and embodied energy assessment using tailored tools (e.g., ACV, adapted MET matrix);
• Long-term durability under humid or coastal conditions.

These research pathways are essential for technical validation, the definition of minimum design parameters, and integration into national standards such as Peru’s E.100 or Colombia’s NSR-10. They also support alignment with global sustainability frameworks such as nature-based solutions (NbS.) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

4.5. Contribution to Sustainable Construction in Sensitive Environments

This case study demonstrates the potential of handcrafted bamboo construction systems to meet sustainability goals in ecologically sensitive settings. Developed within the buffer zone of a national park, the project employed low-impact strategies that minimized noise, avoided heavy machinery, and reduced solid waste—key considerations in fragile coastal ecosystems.

The entire process was carried out manually or with portable electric tools, using a mechanical joinery system (screws and steel straps) that enables disassembly and reuse. The system’s low embodied energy and minimal site disturbance reinforce its alignment with sustainable construction principles, as recognized in the literature on nature-based solutions (NbSs).

Although this was not a community-based construction process, the participation of local assistants throughout the project facilitated practical knowledge transfer and demonstrated the potential for strengthening local technical capacities in sustainable building practices.

5. Conclusions

This study systematized the manual construction process of vertically curved laminated bamboo beams within a low-tech structural system. The process was applied to three beams (Vig.CLIV-1, CLIV-2, and CLIV-3), but a detailed analysis focused on beam Vig.CLIV-1, as it represented the highest level of technical complexity. This case allowed the identification of critical stages, the definition of quality control checkpoints, and the recognition of key factors influencing performance and time efficiency—offering practical insights for application in similar contexts.

The in situ assembly, guided by the natural elasticity of bamboo, allowed the curved beam to take shape progressively and with precision. While the geometric layout must be carefully defined and controlled as a reference, the final form inevitably reflects the material’s physical response. Rather than forcing a rigid geometry, the system embraces slight adaptations, highlighting the importance of deeply understanding bamboo’s behavior and applying flexible construction strategies. Accurate bamboo strip calibration and sequential fastening were essential to achieving compaction and monolithic structural behavior.

Despite its handcrafted nature, the beam system demonstrated technical rigor, adaptability, and environmental sensitivity. Its execution relied on basic tools, avoided adhesives and molds, and minimized site impact—features that make it particularly suited for use in protected or low-infrastructure settings. The documented methodology thus offers a practical reference for designing sustainable construction processes in contexts where conventional systems may not be appropriate.