Out of Control in the Eye of the Storm: Hurricane Evacuation Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Evacuated and Non-Evacuated Families
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Study
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Evacuation Stress
3.2.2. Sense of Control
3.2.3. Peritraumatic Distress
3.2.4. Parent PTSS
3.2.5. Child PTSS
3.3. Procedure
3.4. Analytic Strategy
4. Results
4.1. Preliminary Analyses
4.2. Evacuation Stressors by Evacuation Status
4.3. Mental Health and Stress by Evacuation Status
4.4. Parents’ Sense of Control Associations by Evacuation Status
4.5. Factors Contributing to Parent PTSS
4.6. Factors Contributing to Child PTSS
5. Discussion
5.1. Evacuee and Non-Evacuee Evacuation Experiences and PTSS
5.2. Evacuation Status and Parents’ Sense of Control
5.3. Differential Effects of Parents’ Sense of Control on PTSS by Evacuation Status
5.4. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N = 211 | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Female | 162 | 76.8 |
Male | 49 | 23.2 |
Age | ||
Under 25 | 1 | 0.5 |
25–34 | 71 | 33.6 |
35–44 | 108 | 51.2 |
45–54 | 30 | 14.2 |
55–64 | 1 | 0.5 |
Race | ||
White | 183 | 86.7 |
Black | 17 | 8.1 |
Asian | 3 | 1.4 |
Middle Eastern or North African | 1 | 0.5 |
More than one race | 5 | 2.4 |
Other | 2 | 0.9 |
Hispanic/Latino | 30 | 14.2 |
Relationship status | ||
Single (never married) | 15 | 7.1 |
Married | 154 | 73.0 |
Widowed | 2 | 0.9 |
Divorced | 7 | 3.3 |
Separated | 5 | 2.4 |
In a committed relationship | 28 | 13.3 |
Highest level of education | ||
Did not complete high school | 4 | 1.9 |
Graduated from high school or received GED | 25 | 11.8 |
Some college or associate degree | 65 | 30.8 |
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S.) | 80 | 37.9 |
Graduate degree (M.S., Ph.D., J.D., M.D., etc.) | 37 | 17.5 |
Median gross annual income | ||
Less than USD 25,000 | 14 | 6.6 |
USD 25,000–50,000 | 50 | 23.7 |
USD 50,000–75,000 | 51 | 24.2 |
USD 75,000–100,000 | 56 | 26.5 |
More than USD 100,000 | 40 | 19.0 |
Variable | M (SD) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Evacuation stress | 17.37 (13.35) | - | |||
2. Sense of control | 3.29 (1.37) | −0.17 * | - | ||
3. Peritraumatic distress | 33.42 (12.13) | 0.55 *** | −0.28 *** | - | |
4. Parent PTSS a | 21.45 (19.57) | 0.46 *** | −0.08 | 0.40 *** | - |
5. Child PTSS b | 4.76 (5.39) | 0.18 ** | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.79 *** |
Stressor | Evacuated (n = 105) | Non-Evacuated (n = 106) | χ2(1) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Trouble deciding whether to stay or leave | 83.8% | 71.7% | 4.47 | 0.04 |
Disagreements with family about what to bring with or leave behind | 81.0% | 18.9% | 81.33 | <0.001 |
Trouble getting gasoline | 75.2% | 75.5% | 0.00 | 0.97 |
Stuck in traffic/travel delays | 74.3% | 36.8% | 30.02 | <0.001 |
Disagreements with family about whether to evacuate or not | 74.3% | 63.2% | 3.02 | 0.08 |
Changing plans due to changes in the hurricane’s projected path | 63.8% | 25.5% | 31.39 | <0.001 |
Trouble finding a place to stay | 60.0% | 24.5% | 27.21 | <0.001 |
Trouble finding transportation | 59.0% | 21.7% | 30.59 | <0.001 |
Getting stuck somewhere (e.g., highway; airport) | 59.0% | 14.2% | 45.88 | <0.001 |
Trouble finding or getting into a shelter | 55.2% | 12.3% | 43.63 | <0.001 |
Witnessing arguments/physical fights | 54.3% | 21.7% | 23.80 | <0.001 |
Separation from a key family member | 47.6% | 22.6% | 14.45 | <0.001 |
Changing plans due to canceled flights or car problems | 42.9% | 7.5% | 34.97 | <0.001 |
Canceled flight | 41.9% | 5.7% | 38.14 | <0.001 |
Car breaking down/car accident | 40.0% | 10.4% | 24.61 | <0.001 |
Measure | Evacuated (n = 105) | Non-Evacuated (n = 106) | t(209) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Evacuation Stress | 22.83 (14.27) | 11.96 (9.78) | −6.43 | <0.001 |
Sense of Control | 3.16 (1.44) | 3.42 (1.29) | 1.34 | 0.18 |
Peritraumatic Distress | 34.69 (12.40) | 32.16 (11.78) | −1.52 | 0.13 |
Parent PTSS | 28.44 (20.13) | 14.53 (16.35) | −5.51 | <0.001 |
Child PTSS | 6.76 (5.89) | 2.60 (3.87) | −6.06 | <0.001 |
Non-Evacuated (n = 106) | Evacuated (n = 105) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Path | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI |
a1 | −0.049 | [−0.078, −0.023] | −0.001 | [−0.021, 0.019] |
a2 | 0.392 | [0.154, 0.706] | 0.549 | [0.420, 0.666] |
b1 | 1.122 | [−1.205, 3.278] | 1.253 | [−0.319, 2.790] |
b2 | 0.519 | [0.229, 0.864] | 0.723 | [0.480, 0.966] |
d21 | −3.610 | [−5.351, −1.611] | −0.753 | [−2.092, 0.590] |
a1b1 | −0.055 | [−0.179, 0.064] | −0.001 | [−0.038, 0.028] |
a2b2 | 0.204 | [0.049, 0.509] | 0.397 | [0.248, 0.563] |
a1d21b2 | 0.092 | [0.027, 0.181] | 0.000 | [−0.015, 0.017] |
c’ | 0.763 | [0.356, 1.091] | 0.651 | [0.439, 0.870] |
Non-Evacuated (n = 106) | Evacuated (n = 105) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Path | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI |
a1 | −0.049 | [−0.079, −0.023] | −0.001 | [−0.021, 0.019] |
a2 | 0.392 | [0.155, 0.699] | 0.549 | [0.422, 0.666] |
a3 | 0.763 | [0.367, 1.104] | 0.652 | [0.447, 0.875] |
b1 | −0.155 | [−0.644, 0.337] | 0.261 | [−0.228, 0.723] |
b2 | 0.058 | [−0.018, 0.125] | −0.001 | [−0.103, 0.086] |
b3 | 0.147 | [0.098, 0.206] | 0.195 | [0.140, 0.257] |
d21 | −3.610 | [−5.334, −1.656] | −0.754 | [−2.082, 0.566] |
d31 | 1.122 | [−1.151, 3.227] | 1.234 | [−0.290, 2.757] |
d32 | 0.519 | [0.221, 0.850] | 0.720 | [0.470, 0.955] |
a1b1 | 0.008 | [−0.018, 0.036] | 0.000 | [−0.008, 0.007] |
a2b2 | 0.023 | [−0.009, 0.051] | −0.001 | [−0.058, 0.047] |
a3b3 | 0.112 | [0.055, 0.177] | 0.127 | [0.080, 0.190] |
a1d21b2 | 0.010 | [−0.003, 0.023] | 0.000 | [−0.001, 0.001] |
a1d31b3 | −0.008 | [−0.21, 0.009] | 0.000 | [−0.008, 0.006] |
a2d32b3 | 0.030 | [0.006, 0.084] | 0.077 | [0.041, 0.127] |
a1d21d32b3 | 0.134 | [0.003, 0.030] | 0.000 | [−0.003, 0.003] |
c’ | −0.019 | [−0.105, 0.081] | 0.071 | [−0.008, 0.152] |
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Bock, R.C.; Thomas, J.L.; Danzi, B.A. Out of Control in the Eye of the Storm: Hurricane Evacuation Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Evacuated and Non-Evacuated Families. Trauma Care 2025, 5, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare5020013
Bock RC, Thomas JL, Danzi BA. Out of Control in the Eye of the Storm: Hurricane Evacuation Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Evacuated and Non-Evacuated Families. Trauma Care. 2025; 5(2):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare5020013
Chicago/Turabian StyleBock, Rachel C., Jessy L. Thomas, and BreAnne A. Danzi. 2025. "Out of Control in the Eye of the Storm: Hurricane Evacuation Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Evacuated and Non-Evacuated Families" Trauma Care 5, no. 2: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare5020013
APA StyleBock, R. C., Thomas, J. L., & Danzi, B. A. (2025). Out of Control in the Eye of the Storm: Hurricane Evacuation Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Evacuated and Non-Evacuated Families. Trauma Care, 5(2), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare5020013