Prevalence and Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms in Residents of Fort McMurray Five Years after the Devastating Wildfires
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Materials
2.1. Setting and Design
2.2. General Measure
2.3. Sample Size Estimation
2.4. Collected Data and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Information of the Respondents
3.2. Multivariate Analysis of Predictors of GAD Symptomatology
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | ≤40 Years n (%) | >40 Years n (%) | Total n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 9 (10.2) | 18 (18.4) | 27 (14.5) |
Female | 79 (89.8) | 80 (81.6) | 159 (85.5) |
Employment status | |||
Employed | 82 (93.2) | 93 (94.9) | 175 (94.1) |
Unemployed | 6 (6.8) | 5 (5.1) | 11 (5.9) |
Employment place | |||
School boards | 41 (50.6) | 46 (49.5) | 87 (50.0) |
Healthcare industry | 5 (6.2) | 5 (5.4) | 10 (5.7) |
Keyano College | 9 (11.1) | 11 (11.8) | 20 (11.5) |
Oil Sands industry | 7 (8.6) | 6 (6.5) | 13 (7.5) |
Municipal or government agency | 6 (7.4) | 7 (7.5) | 13 (7.5) |
Other | 13 (16.0) | 18 (19.4) | 31 (17.8) |
Marital status | |||
In a relationship | 62 (70.5) | 70 (71.4) | 132 (71.0) |
Not in a relationship | 26 (29.5) | 28 (28.6) | 54 (29.0) |
History of depressive disorder diagnosis from a health professional. | |||
No | 61 (69.3) | 67 (68.4) | 128 (68.8) |
Yes | 27 (30.7) | 31 (31.6) | 58 (31.2) |
History of bipolar disorder diagnosis from a health professional | |||
No | 86 (97.7) | 94 (95.9) | 180 (96.8) |
Yes | 2 (2.3) | 4 (4.1) | 6 (3.2) |
History of anxiety disorder diagnosis from a health professional | |||
No | 49 (55.7) | 59 (60.2) | 108 (58.1) |
Yes | 39 (44.3) | 39 (39.8) | 78 (41.9) |
History of schizophrenia diagnosis from a health professional | |||
No | 88 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
History of personality disorder diagnosis from a health professional | |||
No | 87 (98.9) | 97 (99.0) | 184 (98.9) |
Yes | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.0) | 2 (1.1) |
History of other mental health diagnosis diagnoses from a health professional | |||
No | 78 (88.6) | 91 (92.9) | 169 (90.9) |
Yes | 10 (11.4) | 7 (7.1) | 17 (9.1) |
Received mental health diagnosis (any type) from a health professional | |||
No | 39 (44.3) | 51 (52.0) | 90 (48.4) |
Yes | 49 (55.7) | 47 (48.0) | 96 (51.6) |
History of Antidepressants | |||
No | 61 (69.3) | 66 (67.3) | 127 (68.3) |
Yes | 27 (30.7) | 32 (32.7) | 59 (31.7) |
Antipsychotics | |||
No | 86 (97.7) | 96 (98.0) | 182 (97.8) |
Yes | 2 (2.3) | 2 (2.0) | 4 (2.2) |
Benzodiazepines | |||
No | 85 (96.6) | 97 (99.0) | 182 (97.8) |
Yes | 3 (3.4) | 1 (1.0) | 4 (2.2) |
Mood stabilizers | |||
No | 83 (94.3) | 91 (92.9) | 174 (93.5) |
Yes | 5 (5.7) | 7 (7.1) | 12 (6.5) |
Sleeping tablets | |||
No | 79 (89.8) | 86 (87.8) | 165 (88.7) |
Yes | 9 (10.2) | 12 (12.2) | 21 (11.3) |
Other | |||
No | 87 (98.9) | 96 (98.0) | 183 (98.4) |
Yes | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.0) | 3 (1.6) |
Medication for a mental health concern | |||
No, I am not | 57 (64.8) | 63 (64.3) | 120 (64.5) |
Yes, I am | 31 (35.2) | 35 (35.7) | 66 (35.5) |
Respondents who received MH counseling in the past year | |||
No | 46 (52.3) | 68 (69.4) | 114 (61.3) |
Yes | 42 (47.7) | 30 (30.6) | 72 (38.7) |
Respondents who would like to receive MH counseling | |||
No | 33 (37.5) | 55 (56.1) | 88 (47.3) |
Yes | 55 (62.5) | 43 (43.9) | 98 (52.7) |
Respondents who received counseling when they returned to FMM | |||
No | 63 (78.8) | 76 (80.9) | 35 (20.1) |
Yes | 17 (21.3) | 18 (19.1) | 139 (79.9) |
Respondents who resided in Fort McMurray during the 2016 wildfire | |||
No | 15 (17.0) | 4 (4.1) | 19 (10.2) |
Yes | 73 (83.0) | 94 (95.9) | 167 (89.8) |
Area of residence during wildfire | |||
0.0–1.0 properties destroyed per km2 | 30 (41.1) | 46 (48.9) | 78 (45.5) |
1.1–50.0 properties destroyed per km2 | 22 (30.1) | 25 (26.6) | 47 (28.1) |
50.1–300.0 properties destroyed per km2 | 21 (28.8) | 23 (24.5) | 44 (26.3) |
Respondents reported witnessing the burning of homes or structures by the wildfire | |||
No | 17 (20.7) | 12 (12.6) | 29 (16.4) |
Yes | 65 (79.3) | 83 (87.4) | 148 (83.6) |
Respondents who have been fearful for their own lives, or the lives of their close friends or family members on the day of evacuation | |||
No | 8 (9.8) | 11 (11.6) | 19 (10.7) |
Yes | 74 (90.2) | 84 (88.4) | 158 (89.3) |
During the period of the evacuation order for Fort McMurray, how frequently did you watch television images about the devastation caused by the wildfires in Fort McMurray? | |||
Daily | 62 (75.6) | 80 (84.2) | 142 (80.2) |
Less than daily | 13 (15.9) | 10 (10.5) | 23 (13.0) |
Respondents did not watch the TV images of the devastation | 7 (8.5) | 5 (5.3) | 12 (6.8) |
During the period of the evacuation order for Fort McMurray, how frequently did you read newspaper and internet articles related to the devastation caused by the wildfires in Fort McMurray? | |||
Daily | 69 (84.1) | 83 (87.4) | 152 (85.9) |
Less than daily | 10 (12.2) | 9 (9.5) | 19 (10.7) |
Respondents did not watch the TV images of the devastation | 3 (3.7) | 3 (3.2) | 6 (3.4) |
Did you lose property because of the wildfire in Fort McMurray? | |||
Home was destroyed | |||
No | 75 (85.2) | 83 (84.7) | 150 (84.9) |
Yes | 13 (14.8) | 15 (15.3) | 28 (15.1) |
The home suffered substantial smoke damage | |||
No | 77 (87.5) | 87 (88.8) | 164 (88.2) |
Yes | 11 (12.5) | 11 (11.2) | 22 (11.8) |
The home suffered slight smoke damage | |||
No | 64 (72.7) | 68 (69.4) | 132 (71.0) |
Yes | 24 (27.3) | 30 (30.6) | 54 (29.0) |
The car was destroyed by the fire | |||
No | 86 (97.7) | 93 (94.9) | 179 (96.2) |
Yes | 2 (2.3) | 5 (5.1) | 7 (3.8) |
The business was completely destroyed by the fire | |||
No | 88 (100.0) | 98 (100.0) | 186 (100.0) |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Suffered no loss of property in the fire | |||
No | 40 (45.5) | 42 (42.9) | 82 (44.1) |
Yes | 48 (54.5) | 56 (57.1) | 104 (55.9) |
Do you live in the same house you lived in before the evacuation order came into effect | |||
Yes | 41 (50.0) | 63 (67.0) | 104 (59.1) |
No, I live in a different house even though the previous home was not destroyed by the fire | 28 (34.1) | 18 (19.1) | 46 (26.1) |
No, I live in a different house because my previous home was destroyed by the fire | 13 (15.9) | 13 (13.8) | 26 (14.8) |
Support received from family | |||
Some to a high level of support | 69 (85.2) | 82 (87.2) | 151 (86.3) |
Limited or no support | 12 (14.8) | 12 (12.8) | 24 (13.7) |
Support received from the Red Cross | |||
Some to a high level of support | 56 (69.1) | 74 (78.7) | 130 (74.3) |
Limited or no support | 25 (30.9) | 20 (21.3) | 45 (25.7) |
Support received from the Government of Alberta | |||
Some to a high level of support | 44 (55.0) | 65 (69.1) | 109 (62.6) |
Limited or no support | 36 (45.0) | 29 (30.9) | 65 (37.4) |
Support received from the insurer | |||
Some to a high level of support | 50 (62.5) | 76 (80.9) | 126 (72.4) |
Limited or no support | 30 (37.5) | 18 (19.1) | 48 (27.6) |
Limited or no support |
Variables | Low Anxiety GAD Not Likely | Moderate-High Anxiety (Likely GAD) | Chi-Square/ Fisher Exact | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic Characteristics | ||||
Gender | ||||
Male | 18 (65.2%) | 8 (34.8%) | 0.653 | 0.499 |
Female | 81 (56.3%) | 63 (43.8%) | ||
Age categories (years) | ||||
≤40 | 40 (51.9%) | 37 (48.1%) | 1.792 | 0.210 |
>40 | 56 (62.2%) | 34 (37.8%) | ||
Employment status | ||||
Employed | 95 (60.1%) | 63 (39.9%) | ||
Unemployed | 1 (11.1%) | 8 (88.9%) | 8.371 | 0.005 |
Employment place | ||||
School boards | 50 (66.7%) | 25 (33.3%) | 8.290 | 0.142 |
Healthcare industry | 5 (55.6%) | 4 (44.4%) | ||
Keyano College | 10 (50.0%) | 10 (50.0%) | ||
Oil Sands industry | 6 (50.0%) | 6 (50.0%) | ||
Municipal or government agency | 10 (83.3%) | 2 (16.7%) | ||
Other | 13 (44.8%) | 16 (55.2%) | ||
Relationship | ||||
In a relationship | 73 (60.3%) | 48 (39.7%) | 1.455 | 0.293 |
Not in a relationship | 23 (50.0%) | 2350.0%) | ||
Clinical Characteristics | ||||
History of Depression from a health professional? | ||||
No | 77 (67.5%) | 34 (64.2%) | 14.871 | <0.001 |
Yes | 19 (35.8%) | 37 (32.0%) | ||
History of Bipolar from a health professional? | ||||
No | 93 (57.4%) | 69 (42.6%) | * | 1.000 |
Yes | 3 (60.0%) | 2 (40.0%) | ||
History of Anxiety from a health professional? | ||||
No | 67 (57.5%) | 30 (30.9%) | 12.713 | <0.001 |
Yes | 29 (41.4%) | 41 (58.6%) | ||
History of Personality disorder from a health professional? | ||||
No | 96 (57.8%) | 70 (42.2%) | * | 0.425 |
Yes | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (100.0%) | ||
Respondents on medication for other MH concerns from a health professional? | ||||
No | 94 (57.3%) | 70 (42.7%) | 0.105 | 1.000 |
Yes | 2 (66.7%) | 1 (33.3%) | ||
Never received a mental health diagnosis from a health professional | ||||
No | 55 (67.9%) | 26 (32.1%) | 6.983 | 0.012 |
Yes, received MH Dx | 41 (47.7%) | 45 (52.3%) | ||
History of Antidepressant medications | ||||
No | 72 (63.2%) | 42 (38.8%) | 4.470 | 0.043 |
Yes | 24 (45.3%) | 29 (54.7%) | ||
History of Antipsychotic medications | ||||
No | 94 (57.3%) | 70 (42.7%) | * | 1.000 |
Yes | 2 (66.7%) | 1 (33.3%) | ||
History of Benzodiazepine medications | ||||
No | 96 (58.9%) | 67 (41.1%) | * | 0.031 |
Yes | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (100.0%) | ||
History of Mood Stabilizer medications | ||||
No | 91 (58.0%) | 66 (42.0%) | 0.244 | 0.745 |
Yes | 5 (50.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | ||
History of Sleeping Tablets | ||||
No | 88 (59.1%) | 61 (40.9%) | 1.404 | 0.313 |
Yes | 8 (44.4%) | 10 (55.6%) | ||
Are you on any other medication for mental health concerns | ||||
No | 94 (57.3%) | 70 (42.7%) | * | 1.000 |
Yes | 2 (66.7%) | 1 (33.3%) | ||
Are you on any medication for mental health concerns | ||||
No | 66 (63.6%) | 39 (36.4%) | 4.484 | 0.050 |
Yes, | 28 (46.7%) | 32 (53.3%) | ||
Respondents received MH counseling in the past | ||||
No | 73 (70.2%) | 31 (29.8) | 18.215 | <0.001 |
Yes | 23 (36.5%) | 40 (63.5) | ||
Respondents would like to receive MH counseling | ||||
No | 65 (82.3%) | 14 (17.7%) | 37.708 | <0.001 |
Yes | 31 (35.2%) | 57 (64.8%) | ||
Fort McMurray Wildfire Related Characteristics | ||||
Where did you live on May 3 when there was an order to evacuate Fort McMurray during the 2016 wildfires? | ||||
In Fort MacMurray | 87 (57.2%) | 65 (42.8%) | 0.043 | 1.000 |
Other | 9 (60.0%) | 6 (40.0%) | ||
Did you reside in Fort McMurray during the 2016 wildfire? | ||||
No | 8 (66.7%) | 4 (33.3%) | 0.446 | 0.561 |
Yes | 88 (56.6%) | 67 (43.2%) | ||
Area of residence in wildfire | ||||
0–1.0 properties destroyed per km2 | 41 (61.2%) | 26 (38.8%) | 2.037 | 0.360 |
1.1–50.0 properties destroyed per km2 | 27 (58.7%) | 19 (41.3%) | ||
50.1–300.0 properties destroyed per km2 | 20 (47.6%) | 22 (52.4%) | ||
Place of residence prior to wildfire | ||||
Own home | 74 (58.3%) | 53 (41.7%) | 0.133 | 0.855 |
Renting | 22 (55.0%) | 18 (45.0%) | ||
Place of residence now | ||||
Own home | 78 (58.6%) | 55 (41.4%) | 0.361 | 0.565 |
Renting | 18 (52.9%) | 16 (47.1%) | ||
Did you witness the burning of any homes or structures in Fort McMurray? | ||||
No | 18 (69.2%) | 8 (30.8%) | 1.738 | 0.204 |
Yes | 78 (55.3%) | 63 (44.7%) | ||
On the day of the evacuation, were you fearful for your life or the lives of your friends or family? | ||||
No | 17 (89.5%) | 2 (10.5%) | 8.976 | 0.003 |
Yes | 79 (53.4%) | 69 (46.6%) | ||
During the period of the evacuation order for Fort McMurray, how frequently did you watch television images about the devastation caused by the wildfires in Fort McMurray? | ||||
Daily | 74 (55.6%) | 59 (44.4%) | 0.918 | 0.670 |
Less than daily | 15 (65.2%) | 8 (34.8%) | ||
Respondents did not watch the TV images of the devastation | 7 (63.6%) | 4 (36.4%) | ||
During the period of the evacuation order for Fort McMurray, how frequently did you read newspaper and internet articles related to the devastation caused by the wildfires in Fort McMurray? | ||||
Daily | 78 (54.5%) | 65 (45.5%) | * | 3.748 |
Less than daily | 13 (72.2%) | 5 (27.8%) | ||
Respondents did not watch the TV images of the devastation | 5 (83.3%) | 1 (16.7%) | ||
Respondents who report their home was completely destroyed because of the wildfires in Fort McMurray | ||||
No | 84 (60.0%) | 56 (40.0%) | 2.241 | 0.143 |
Yes | 12 (44.4) | 15 (55.6%) | ||
Respondents who report their homes suffered substantial smoke damage because of the wildfires in Fort McMurray | ||||
No | 85 (58.2%) | 61 (41.8) | 0.256 | 0.643 |
Yes | 11 (52.4%) | 10 (47.6%) | ||
Respondents who report their homes suffered slight smoke damage because of the wildfires in Fort McMurray | ||||
No | 70 (60.9%) | 45 (39.1%) | 1.731 | 0.237 |
Yes | 26 (50.0%) | 26 (50.0%) | ||
Respondents who report their car was completely destroyed because of the wildfires in Fort McMurray | ||||
No | 92 (57.5%) | 68 (42.5%) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 4 (57.1%) | 3 (42.9%) | ||
Respondents who report they suffered no loss of property in the fire | ||||
No, did not lose | 47 (70.1%) | 20 (29.9%) | 7.343 | 0.010 |
Yes, lose | 49 (49.0) | 51 (51.0%) | ||
Do you live in the same house you lived in before the evacuation order came into effect? | ||||
Yes | 64 (64.6%) | 35 (35,4%) | 5.516 | 0.069 |
No, I live in a different house even though my previous home was not destroyed by the fire. | 20 (46.5%) | 23 (53.5%) | ||
No, I live in a different house because my previous home was destroyed by the fire | 11 (45.8%) | 13 (54.2%) | ||
Support received from Family | ||||
Some to a high level of support | 85 (60.3%) | 56 (39.7%) | 4.343 | 0.046 |
Limited or no support | 9 (37.5%) | 15 (62.5%) | ||
Support received from the Red Cross | ||||
Some to a high level of support | 75 (60.5%) | 49 (39.5%) | 2.514 | 0.145 |
Limited or no support | 19 (46.3%) | 22 (53.7%) | ||
Support received from the Government of Alberta | ||||
Some to a high level of support | 65 (62.5%) | 39 (37.5%) | 3.510 | 0.074 |
Limited or no support | 29 (47.5%) | 32 (52.5%) | ||
Support received from Insurer | ||||
Some to a high level of support | 72 (60.5%) | 47 (39.5%) | 2.175 | 0.162 |
Limited or no support | 22 (47.8%) | 24 (52.2%) |
Characteristics | B | S.E. | Wald | Df | p-Value | Odd’s Ratio | 95% C.I. for Odd’s Ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Employment status | 1.811 | 1.326 | 4.491 | 1 | 0.034 | 16.622 | 1.235 | 223.677 |
Have received a depressive disorder diagnosis | 0.842 | 0.518 | 2.641 | 1 | 0.104 | 2.321 | 0.841 | 5.406 |
Have received an anxiety disorder diagnosis | 0.546 | 0.532 | 1.051 | 1 | 0.305 | 1.726 | 0.608 | 4.896 |
On medication for a mental health concern | −0.594 | 0.566 | 1.104 | 1 | 0.293 | 0.552 | 0.182 | 1.672 |
Have received mental health counseling in the past year | 0.027 | 0.489 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.957 | 1.027 | 0.393 | 2.681 |
Would like to receive mental health counseling | 1.748 | 0.488 | 12.847 | 1 | 0.000 | 5.741 | 2.208 | 14.930 |
Was fearful of life or lives of friends or family on the day of the evacuation | 1.295 | 0.930 | 1.937 | 1 | 00.164 | 3.650 | 0.589 | 22.607 |
Suffered loss of property as a result of wildfires in FMM | 0.860 | 0.433 | 3.937 | 1 | 0.047 | 2.363 | 1.011 | 22.607 |
Live in the same house even before the evacuation order came into effect. | 0.859 | 2 | 0.651 | |||||
Live in a different house even though the home was not destroyed. | 0.415 | 0.492 | 0.713 | 1 | 0.399 | 1.515 | 0.577 | 3.975 |
Live in a different house because my home was completely destroyed. | 0.340 | 0.601 | 0.321 | 1 | 0.571 | 1.405 | 0.433 | 4.561 |
Received little or no support from family | 0.867 | 0.671 | 1.671 | 1 | 0.196 | 2.379 | 0.639 | 9.856 |
Received little or no support from GoA | 0.178 | 0.454 | 0.156 | 1 | 0.694 | 1.195 | 0.491 | 2.909 |
Constant | −3.759 | 0.998 | 14.202 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.023 |
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Owusu, E.; Shalaby, R.; Eboreime, E.; Nkire, N.; Agyapong, B.; Obuobi-Donkor, G.; Adu, M.K.; Mao, W.; Oluwasina, F.; Lawal, M.A.; et al. Prevalence and Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms in Residents of Fort McMurray Five Years after the Devastating Wildfires. Trauma Care 2022, 2, 282-297. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2020024
Owusu E, Shalaby R, Eboreime E, Nkire N, Agyapong B, Obuobi-Donkor G, Adu MK, Mao W, Oluwasina F, Lawal MA, et al. Prevalence and Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms in Residents of Fort McMurray Five Years after the Devastating Wildfires. Trauma Care. 2022; 2(2):282-297. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2020024
Chicago/Turabian StyleOwusu, Ernest, Reham Shalaby, Ejemai Eboreime, Nnamdi Nkire, Belinda Agyapong, Gloria Obuobi-Donkor, Medard K. Adu, Wanying Mao, Folajinmi Oluwasina, Mobolaji A. Lawal, and et al. 2022. "Prevalence and Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms in Residents of Fort McMurray Five Years after the Devastating Wildfires" Trauma Care 2, no. 2: 282-297. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare2020024