The Impact of Potassium Binders on Mortality in Patients with Hyperkalemia: A Single-Center Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes
3.2. Relationship between CPS Use and Death
3.3. Propensity Score-Matched Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All n = 1689 | CPS_OFF n = 1399 | CPS_ON n = 290 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristic | ||||
Age (years) | 77.0 [69.0, 83.0] | 77.0 [69.0, 83.0] | 75.0 [69.0, 81.0] | 0.010 |
Male (n, %) | 1039 (61.5%) | 852 (60.9%) | 187 (64.5%) | 0.254 |
Medication | ||||
CPS (n, %) | 290 (17.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 100 (100.0%) | – |
RAASi (n, %) | 724 (42.9%) | 535 (38.2%) | 189 (65.2%) | <0.001 |
Laboratory measurement | ||||
K (mEq/L) | 5.1 [5.0, 5.4] | 5.1 [5.0, 5.3] | 5.2 [5.1, 5.5] | <0.001 |
Hb (g/dL) | 11.6 ± 2.5 | 11.7 ± 2.5 | 11.2 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 41.7 [29.8, 51.1] | 43.2 [31.8, 52.0] | 33.0 [25.7, 44.1] | <0.001 |
TC (mg/dL) | 168.0 [140.0, 203.0] | 169.0 [140.0, 204.0] | 164.0 [140.0, 195.3] | 0.208 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.7 [3.0, 4.1] | 3.7 [3.0, 4.1] | 3.6 [3.1, 4.0] | 0.182 |
BG (mg/dL) | 107.0 [94.0, 137.0] | 107.0 [94.0, 137.0] | 107.5 [94.0, 138.0] | 0.984 |
All | CPS_OFF Group | CPS_ON Group | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1689 | n = 1399 | n = 290 | ||
Death, n (%) | 367 (11.8%) | 185 (13.2%) | 15 (5.2%) | <0.001 |
Observation period, median days (interquartile range) | 90 (26, 90) | 90 (18, 90) | 90 (90, 90) | <0.001 |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | <0.001 |
Male | 1.46 (1.16, 1.84) | 0.002 |
ln(eGFR) | 0.75 (0.56, 1.02) | 0.063 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 0.31 (0.27, 0.36) | <0.001 |
K (mEq/L) | 2.50 (2.16, 2.89) | <0.001 |
UA (mg/dL) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | 0.008 |
TC (mg/dL) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.272 |
BG (mg/dL) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.004 |
CPS (On:1) | 0.66 (0.49, 0.88) | 0.006 |
RASSi (On:1) | 0.61 (0.49, 0.76) | <0.001 |
Na (mEq/L) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.041 |
Hb (g/dL) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 0.432 |
All n = 578 | CPS_OFF n = 289 | CPS_ON n = 289 | p | ASD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristic | |||||
Age (years) | 76 [69.0, 83.0] | 78 [69, 84] | 75 [69, 81] | 0.084 | 0.144 |
Male | 367 (63.6%) | 181 (31.3%) | 186 (32.1%) | 0.730 | 0.036 |
Medication | |||||
CPS | 289 (50.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 289 (100.0%) | - | - |
RAASi | 377 (64.3%) | 189 (32.6%) | 188 (32.5%) | 1 | 0.007 |
Laboratory measurement | |||||
K (mEq/L) | 5.2 [5, 5.4] | 5.35 [5, 5.4] | 5.2 [5.1, 5.5] | 0.975 | 0.03 |
Hb (g/dL) | 11.0 ± 2.4 | 11.05 ± 2.47 | 11.15 ± 2.2 | 0.592 | 0.045 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 33.8 [25.15, 45.22] | 35.27 [24.61 46.5] | 33.10 [25.8, 43.9] | 0.978 | 0.002 |
TC (mg/dL) | 166 [141, 199] | 168 [141, 202] | 164 [140.0, 195] | 0.804 | 0.021 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.6 [3.1, 4.0] | 3.7 [3.1,4.1] | 3.6 [3.1, 4.0] | 0.426 | 0.066 |
BG (mg/dL) | 107 [94, 138] | 107 [138, 94] | 108 [94.0, 138.0] | 0.58 | 0.046 |
All n = 578 | CPS_OFF Group n = 289 | CPS_ON Group n = 289 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Death, n (%) | 119 (20.5) | 64 (11%) | 55 (9.5) | |
Observation period, median days (interquartile range) | 601.36 (907.75) | 440 (978) | 1000 (715) | <0.004 |
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Nagasu, H.; Tokuyama, A.; Kanda, E.; Itano, S.; Kishi, S.; Sasaki, T.; Kashihara, N. The Impact of Potassium Binders on Mortality in Patients with Hyperkalemia: A Single-Center Study. Kidney Dial. 2023, 3, 244-254. https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial3030022
Nagasu H, Tokuyama A, Kanda E, Itano S, Kishi S, Sasaki T, Kashihara N. The Impact of Potassium Binders on Mortality in Patients with Hyperkalemia: A Single-Center Study. Kidney and Dialysis. 2023; 3(3):244-254. https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial3030022
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagasu, Hajime, Atsuyuki Tokuyama, Eiichiro Kanda, Seiji Itano, Seiji Kishi, Tamaki Sasaki, and Naoki Kashihara. 2023. "The Impact of Potassium Binders on Mortality in Patients with Hyperkalemia: A Single-Center Study" Kidney and Dialysis 3, no. 3: 244-254. https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial3030022