Dental Care and Oral Health Assessments in Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit with COVID-19 Infection: A Chart Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Oral Status Examination
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Item | Description | Categories |
---|---|---|
Swallowing | The patient’s ability to swallow was assessed, looking for signs of difficulty or pain while swallowing. | Normal: no difficulty swallowing. Moderate dysfunction: occasional difficulty or mild pain when swallowing. Severe dysfunction: inability to swallow or intense pain, particularly in intubated patients. |
Lips | The condition of the lips was observed for dryness, cracks, or ulcers. | Normal: soft, normal-colored lips with no signs of lesions. Moderate dysfunction: dry or slightly cracked lips. Severe dysfunction: ulceration or bleeding of the lips. |
Tongue | The tongue was examined for changes in color, moisture, and the presence of papillae. | Normal: normal-colored, moist tongue with visible papillae. Moderate dysfunction: loss of papillae or changes in color, such as redness or a shiny appearance. Severe dysfunction: swollen, cracked, or bleeding tongue. |
Saliva | The quantity and consistency of saliva were assessed. | Normal: hydrated saliva with no significant clinical changes. Moderate dysfunction: thick or sticky saliva. Severe dysfunction: absence of saliva or extremely viscous saliva. |
Oral mucosa | The oral mucosa was inspected for its color and the presence of lesions. | Normal: pink and moist mucosa with no lesions. Moderate dysfunction: reddened mucosa without ulcers. Severe dysfunction: presence of ulcers or bleeding. |
Gums | The gums were examined for color, firmness, and signs of bleeding. | Normal: pink, firm gums with no signs of inflammation. Moderate dysfunction: gum edema with or without redness, possibly with mild bleeding. Severe dysfunction: gums that bleed easily or show intense signs of inflammation. |
Teeth | The patient’s natural teeth were inspected. | Normal: sound or satisfactorily restored teeth. Moderate dysfunction: localized dental calculus, especially between the teeth. Severe dysfunction: generalized dental calculus or presence of dental cavities. |
Oral odor | The presence of odor in the oral cavity was recorded. | Normal: no detectable odor. Moderate dysfunction: mild to moderate unpleasant odor. Severe dysfunction: strong, unpleasant odor. |
Spontaneous gingival bleeding | This variable evaluates the presence of spontaneous bleeding from the gums, which can indicate gingival inflammation or periodontal disease. | No: no bleeding observed. Yes: bleeding observed without external provocation. |
Dental calculus | Dental calculus, or tartar, is hardened plaque that forms on teeth and can lead to gum disease and cavities if left untreated. | No: no visible calculus present on the teeth. Yes: presence of dental calculus, localized or generalized, on the teeth. |
Dental mobility | This refers to the movement or looseness of the teeth, often a sign of periodontal disease or trauma. | No: no mobility of teeth detected. Yes: mobility of one or more teeth observed. |
Total edentulism | Total edentulism refers to the complete absence of teeth in either the upper or lower dental arch. | No: the patient has natural teeth or partial dentures. Yes: complete absence of teeth. |
Tongue coating | Level of coating or buildup on the tongue, which can be associated with oral hygiene, diet, or underlying health conditions. | None: no coating present. Slight: mild coating on the tongue, usually in certain areas. Moderate: moderate coating present over a larger portion of the tongue. Moderate to severe: significant coating covering much of the tongue. Severe: severe coating, often dark or thick, covering the majority of the tongue. Very severe: extremely thick, dark, or odorous coating, often with underlying clinical concerns. |
Salivary evaluation | The quantity and consistency of saliva, which plays a crucial role in oral health. | Xerostomia (dry mouth): a condition where there is a significant reduction in saliva production, leading to a dry mouth. Hyposalivation (reduced saliva): a reduction in the normal amount of saliva production, but not to the extent of xerostomia. Normal: normal salivation with no abnormalities in quantity or consistency. Sialorrhea (excessive saliva): an abnormal increase in saliva production. |
Oral hygiene care performed during hospitalization | The patient received oral hygiene care during their hospitalization. | No: no oral hygiene care performed during the hospitalization period. Yes: oral hygiene care was performed during hospitalization. |
Soft tissue injury | This variable assesses the condition of the oral soft tissues (such as the lips, cheeks, gums, and mucosa) to check for any injuries, cuts, bruises, or abrasions. | No: no injury to the soft tissues observed. Yes: presence of injury or trauma to the soft tissues (e.g., lacerations, abrasions, contusions). |
Mouth opening | This variable evaluates the patient’s ability to open their mouth normally, which is crucial for oral examination, hygiene, and treatment procedures. | Normal: the patient is able to open the mouth fully without restriction. Maintains open: the patient can open the mouth but has difficulty keeping it open due to pain or muscular issues. Lockjaw: the patient is unable to open the mouth properly, typically due to muscle spasm, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, or other conditions causing severe restriction of jaw movement. |
Salivary evaluation | Salivary function was assessed as part of the oral status examination. | Xerostomia (dry mouth): the patient’s perception of dry mouth and the presence of symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, speaking, or eating dry foods. Hyposalivation (reduced saliva): a measurable reduction in salivary secretion, typically assessed through clinical observation and examination of saliva quantity and consistency. Normal salivation: determined based on clinical inspection, with no noticeable symptoms of dry mouth or reduced salivary flow. Sialorrhea (excessive saliva): an abnormally high production of saliva, often resulting in drooling. |
References
- Erkihun, M.; Ayele, B.; Asmare, Z.; Endalamaw, K. Current updates on variants of SARS-CoV-2: Systematic Review. Health Sci. Rep. 2024, 7, e70166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vysochyna, A.; Vasylieva, T.; Dluhopolskyi, O.; Marczuk, M.; Grytsyshen, D.; Yunger, V.; Sulimierska, A. Impact of Coronavirus Disease COVID-19 on the Relationship between Healthcare Expenditures and Sustainable Economic Growth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giovanetti, M.; Branda, F.; Cella, E.; Scarpa, F.; Bazzani, L.; Ciccozzi, A.; Slavov, S.N.; Benvenuto, D.; Sanna, D.; Casu, M.; et al. Epidemic history and evolution of an emerging threat of international concern, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. J. Med. Virol. 2023, 95, e29012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Voidarou, C.; Rozos, G.; Stavropoulou, E.; Giorgi, E.; Stefanis, C.; Vakadaris, G.; Vaou, N.; Tsigalou, C.; Kourkoutas, Y.; Bezirtzoglou, E. COVID-19 on the spectrum: A scoping review of hygienic standards. Front. Public Health 2023, 11, 1202216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geng, Y.; Wang, Y. Stability and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment. J. Med. Virol. 2023, 95, e28103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, X.; Cheng, L.; You, Y.; Tang, C.; Ren, B.; Li, Y.; Xu, X.; Zhou, X. Oral microbiota in human systematic diseases. Int. J. Oral Sci. 2022, 14, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sedghi, L.; DiMassa, V.; Harrington, A.; Lynch, S.V.; Kapila, Y.L. The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease. Periodontology 2000 2021, 87, 107–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hocková, B.; Riad, A.; Valky, J.; Šulajová, Z.; Stebel, A.; Slávik, R.; Bečková, Z.; Pokorná, A.; Klugarová, J.; Klugar, M. Oral Complications of ICU Patients with COVID-19: Case-Series and Review of Two Hundred Ten Cases. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, H.; Maurya, R.K.; Sharma, P.; Kapoor, P.; Mittal, T. Aerosol generating procedural risks and concomitant mitigation strategies in orthodontics amid COVID-19 pandemic—An updated evidence-based review. Int. Orthod. 2021, 19, 329–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dabiri, D.; Conti, S.R.; Pour, N.S.; Chong, A.; Dadjoo, S.; Dabiri, D.; Wiese, C.; Badal, J.; Hoogland, M.A.; Conti, H.R.; et al. A multi-disciplinary review on the aerobiology of COVID-19 in dental settings. Front. Dent. Med. 2021, 2, 726395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Çiftçi, M.A.; Arslan, D.E. Factors affecting the oral health of patients in intensive care units: A prospective observational study. J. Res. Nurs. 2024, 29, 483–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Choi, M.-I.; Han, S.-Y.; Jeon, H.-S.; Choi, E.-S.; Won, S.-E.; Lee, Y.-J.; Yang, J.-H.; Baek, C.-Y.; Shim, H.; Mun, S.-J. The influence of professional oral hygiene care on reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma intensive care unit patients. Br. Dent. J. 2022, 232, 253–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steinle, E.C.; Pinesso, J.A.M.; Bellançon, L.B.; Ramos, S.d.P.; Seixas, G.F. The association of oral health with length of stay and mortality in the intensive care unit. Clin. Oral Investig. 2023, 27, 3875–3884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Quinton, K.; Guy-Frank, C.J.; Syed, S.; Klugh, J.M.; Dhanani, N.H.; Adibi, S.S.; Kao, L.S. Poor Oral Health in Trauma Intensive Care Unit Patients: Application of a Novel Oral Health Score. Surg. Infect. 2023, 24, 657–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammad, E.B.; Al Eleiwah, A.A.; Qurdahji, B.T.; Rayan, A.; Alshraideh, J.A.; Al Hadid, L.A.; Al Kharabsheh, M.S.; Hudhud, H.N.; Jakalat, S. Oral Care and Positioning to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Systematic Review. SAGE Open Nurs. 2024, 10, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Volgenant, C.M.; Persoon, I.F.; de Ruijter, R.A.; de Soet, J.J. Infection control in dental health care during and after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Oral Dis. 2021, 27, 674–683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, L.J.; Murata, R.M.; Pardi, V.; Mattos, F.F. Streamlining the dental care during COVID-19 pandemic: Updated clinical recommendations and infection control management framework. Braz. Oral Res. 2021, 35, e046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Induri, S.N.R.; Chun, Y.C.; Chun, J.C.; Fleisher, K.E.; Glickman, R.S.; Xu, F.; Ioannidou, E.; Li, X.; Saxena, D. Protective Measures against COVID-19: Dental Practice and Infection Control. Healthcare 2021, 9, 679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Souza, A.F.; Arruda, J.A.A.D.; Costa, F.P.D.; Bemquerer, L.M.; Castro, W.H.; Campos, F.E.B.; Kakehasi, F.M.; Travassos, D.V.; Silva, T.A. Safety protocols for dental care during the COVID-19 pandemic: The experience of a Brazilian hospital service. Braz. Oral Res. 2021, 35, e070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ejaz, H.; Alsrhani, A.; Zafar, A.; Javed, H.; Junaid, K.; Abdalla, A.E.; Abosalif, K.O.; Ahmed, Z.; Younas, S. COVID-19 and comorbidities: Deleterious impact on infected patients. J. Infect. Public Health 2020, 13, 1833–1839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guan, W.; Li, J.; Liang, Q.; Huang, Y.; Li, S.; Xu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, F.; Xu, X. Disease burden and health inequality of older adults with edentulism and the projected trend until 2040: Based on the global burden of disease study 2021. Clin. Oral Investig. 2024, 29, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romandini, M.; Baima, G.; Antonoglou, G.; Bueno, J.; Figuero, E.; Sanz, M. Periodontitis, Edentulism, and Risk of Mortality: A Systematic Review with Meta-analyses. J. Dent. Res. 2020, 100, 37–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kamil, W.; Kruger, E.; Turlach, B.; Tennant, M. Hospitalization for Oral Health-Related Conditions of the Australian Ageing Population: Two Decades of Analysis. Geriatrics 2021, 7, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tung, H.J.; Ford, R. Incident edentulism and number of comorbidities among middle-aged and older Americans. Gerodontology 2023, 40, 484–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rajeh, M.T. Gender differences in oral health knowledge and practices among adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent. 2022, 14, 235–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beşiroğlu, E.; Lütfioğlu, M. Relations between periodontal status, oral health-related quality of life and perceived oral health and oral health consciousness levels in a Turkish population. Int. J. Dental Hyg. 2020, 18, 251–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, F.M.F.; Ng, Y.T.Y.; Leung, W.K. Oral Health and Its Associated Factors Among Older Institutionalized Residents—A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammadi, T.M.; Malekmohammadi, M.; Hajizamani, H.R.; Mahani, S.A. Oral health literacy and its determinants among adults in Southeast Iran. Eur. J. Dent. 2018, 12, 439–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Militi, A.; Bonanno, M.; Calabrò, R.S. It Is Time for a Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Approach: A Scoping Review on Stomatognathic Diseases in Neurological Disorders. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, J.; Wallace, J.; Doshi, M.; Gadanya, M.; Ben Yahya, I.; Roseman, J.; Srisilapanan, P. Oral health for healthy ageing. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021, 2, e521–e527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manger, D.; Walshaw, M.; Fitzgerald, R.; Doughty, J.; Wanyonyi, K.L.; White, S.; Gallagher, J.E. Evidence summary: The relationship between oral health and pulmonary disease. Br. Dent. J. 2017, 222, 527–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Franco, J.B.; Ribas, P.F.; Júnior, L.A.S.V.; Matias, D.T.; Varotto, B.L.R.; Hamza, C.R.; Araújo, J.F.; Peres, M.P.S.d.M. Hospital Dentistry and Dental Care for Patients with Special Needs: Dental approach during COVID-19 Pandemic. Braz. Dent. Sci. 2020, 23, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brasil. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Resolução nº 7, de 24 de Fevereiro de 2010. Dispõe Sobre os Requisitos Mínimos Para Funcionamento de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e dá Outras Providências. Diário Oficial da União. Available online: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/anvisa/2010/res0007_24_02_2010.html (accessed on 10 April 2024).
- Sales, A.C.S.; Amaral, A.A.; Trindade, B.M.; Pedrosa, R.R.; de Queiroz, R.M. Impact of the Dental Surgeon in the UTI: Literature Review. Saude Foco 2023, 10, 64–80. [Google Scholar]
- Vilarins, G.C.M.; Shimizu, H.E.; Gutierrez, M.M.U. Health regulation: Conceptual and operational aspects. Saude Deb 2012, 36, 640–647. [Google Scholar]
- Farias, S.F.; Gurgel, G.D., Jr.; Costa, A.M.; Brito, R.D.L.; Buarque, R.R. Regulation in the public health sector in Brazil: The (mis) direction of hospital care provision. Cienc. Saude Col. 2011, 16, 1043–1053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jun, M.-K.; Ku, J.-K.; Kim, I.-H.; Park, S.-Y.; Hong, J.; Kim, J.-Y.; Lee, J.-K. Hospital Dentistry for Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Comprehensive Review. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 3681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winning, L.; Lundy, F.T.; Blackwood, B.; McAuley, D.F.; El Karim, I. Oral health care for the critically ill: A narrative review. Crit. Care 2021, 25, 353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bannwart, L.C.; Neto, C.L.d.M.M.; dos Santos, D.M.; Moreno, A.L.d.M.; Pesqueira, A.A.; Goiato, M.C.; Bertoz, A.P.d.M. Dentistry and Intensive Care Unit: A Brief Report. Eur. J. Dent. 2021, 16, 449–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | Mean | ±SD | n | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 172 | 58.3% | ||
Female | 123 | 41.7% | ||
Age (years) | 60.8 | ±17.4 | ||
Comorbidities (% of total sample) | ||||
Diabetes | 88 | 29.8% | ||
Hypertension | 157 | 53.2% | ||
Chronic kidney disease | 27 | 9.2% | ||
Heart disease | 48 | 16.3% | ||
Neuropathy | 31 | 10.5% | ||
Hospitalization unit | ||||
ICU (intensive care unit) | 54 | 18.3% | ||
Ward (general hospital room) | 238 | 80.7% | ||
No information | 3 | 1.0% | ||
Isolation due to COVID-19 | ||||
Yes | 147 | 49.8% | ||
No | 148 | 51.2% | ||
Glasgow coma scale | 13.6 | ±3.2 | ||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.0 | 25.1 | ||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.8 | 43.0 | ||
Oxygen saturation (%) | 93.1 | 9.7 | ||
Heart rate (bpm) | 89.3 | 24.0 | ||
Respiratory rate (mov/min) | 22.8 | 10.9 | ||
Days of hospitalization | 19.9 | 10.3 | ||
Ventilation | ||||
Room air | 127 | 43.1% | ||
Catheter | 61 | 20.7% | ||
Venturi | 28 | 9.5% | ||
Orotracheal | 68 | 22.9% | ||
Tracheostomy | 9 | 3.1% | ||
No information | 2 | 0.7% | ||
Head of bed elevation | ||||
No | 15 | 5.1% | ||
Yes | 253 | 86.1% | ||
No information | 26 | 8.8% | ||
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) | ||||
No | 34 | 11.6% | ||
Yes | 7 | 2.4% | ||
No information | 254 | 86.1% |
Variables | Total | Gender | p Value | Age Group | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | <60 yo | ≥60 yo | |||||
n | % | % | % | % | % | |||
Soft-tissue injury | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||
No | 44 | 14.9% | 81.8% | 81.0% | 81.0% | 81.8% | ||
Yes | 10 | 3.4% | 18.2% | 19.0% | 19.0% | 18.2% | ||
No information | 241 | 81.7% | ||||||
Mouth opening | 0.814 | 0.259 | ||||||
Normal | 112 | 38.0% | 88.0% | 92.0% | 92.5% | 86.2% | ||
Maintains open | 8 | 2.7% | 8.0% | 4.0% | 3.0% | 10.3% | ||
Lockjaw | 5 | 1.7% | 4.0% | 4.0% | 4.5% | 3.4% | ||
No information | 170 | 57.6% | ||||||
Swallowing alteration | 0.783 | 0.236 | ||||||
Normal | 73 | 24.7% | 89.6% | 96.8% | 95.8% | 87.1% | ||
Moderate | 5 | 1.7% | 8.3% | 3.2% | 4.2% | 9.7% | ||
Severe | 1 | 0.3% | 2.1% | 0 | 0 | 3.2% | ||
No information | 216 | 73.2% | ||||||
Lip alteration | 0.657 | 0.214 | ||||||
Normal | 20 | 6.8% | 52.4% | 56.3% | 53.3% | 54.5% | ||
Moderate | 15 | 5.1% | 38.1% | 43.7% | 33.3% | 45.5% | ||
Severe | 2 | 0.7% | 9.5% | 0 | 13.3% | 0 | ||
No information | 158 | 87.5% | ||||||
Tongue alteration | 0.813 | 1.000 | ||||||
Normal | 11 | 3.7% | 38.5% | 60.0% | 45.5% | 50.0% | ||
Moderate | 11 | 3.7% | 53.8% | 40.0% | 45.5% | 50.0% | ||
Severe | 1 | 0.3% | 7.7% | 0 | 9.0% | 0 | ||
No information | 272 | 92.2% | ||||||
Saliva alteration | 0.802 | 0.520 | ||||||
Normal | 13 | 4.4% | 50.0% | 66.7% | 45.5% | 66.7% | ||
Moderate | 9 | 3.1% | 42.9% | 33.3% | 45.5% | 33.3% | ||
Severe | 1 | 0.3% | 7.1% | 0 | 9.0% | 0 | ||
No information | 272 | 92.2% | ||||||
Oral mucosa alteration | 0.153 | 0.245 | ||||||
Normal | 16 | 5.4% | 53.4% | 88.9% | 58.3% | 75.0% | ||
Moderate | 5 | 1.7% | 33.3% | 0 | 16.7% | 25.0% | ||
Severe | 3 | 1.0% | 13.3% | 11.1% | 25.0% | 0 | ||
No information | 271 | 91.9% | ||||||
Gum alteration | 0.769 | 1.000 | ||||||
Normal | 19 | 6.5% | 73.4% | 88.9% | 75.0% | 83.4% | ||
Moderate | 3 | 1.0% | 13.3% | 11.1% | 16.7% | 8.3% | ||
Severe | 2 | 0.7% | 13.3% | 0 | 8.3% | 8.3% | ||
No information | 270 | 91.8% | ||||||
Tooth alteration | 0.335 | 0.407 | ||||||
Normal | 11 | 3.7% | 53.8% | 50.0% | 36.4% | 70.0% | ||
Moderate | 7 | 2.4% | 23.1% | 50.0% | 45.5% | 20.0% | ||
Severe | 3 | 1.0% | 23.1% | 0 | 18.2% | 10.0% | ||
No information | 274 | 92.9% | ||||||
Odor alteration | 0.735 | 0.545 | ||||||
Normal | 7 | 2.4% | 42.9% | 80.0% | 50.0% | 66.6% | ||
Moderate | 4 | 1.4% | 42.9% | 20.0% | 50.0% | 16.7% | ||
Severe | 0 | 0.0% | 14.2% | 0 | 0 | 16.7% | ||
No information | 284 | 96.2% | ||||||
Spontaneous gingival bleeding | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||
No | 18 | 6.1% | 88.9% | 88.9% | 83.3% | 88.9% | ||
Yes | 3 | 1.0% | 11.1% | 11.1% | 16.7% | 11.1% | ||
No information | 274 | 92.9% | ||||||
Dental calculus | 0.673 | 1.000 | ||||||
No | 16 | 5.4% | 71.4% | 60.0% | 63.6% | 69.2% | ||
Yes | 8 | 2.7% | 28.6% | 40.0% | 36.4% | 30.8% | ||
No information | 271 | 91.9% | ||||||
Dental mobility | 0.495 | 1.000 | ||||||
No | 18 | 6.1% | 83.3% | 100% | 90.0% | 90.0% | ||
Yes | 2 | 0.7% | 16.7% | 0 | 10.0% | 10.0% | ||
No information | 275 | 93.2% | ||||||
Total edentulism | 0.341 | 0.016 * | ||||||
No | 32 | 10.8% | 76.9% | 63.2% | 93.8% | 58.6% | ||
Yes | 13 | 4.4% | 23.1% | 36.8% | 6.3% | 41.4% | ||
No information | 250 | 84.7% | ||||||
Tongue coating | 0.017 * | 0.111 | ||||||
0 (none) | 12 | 4.1% | 10.7% | 42.9% | 16.7% | 29.0% | ||
1 (slight) | 21 | 7.1% | 42.9% | 42.9% | 33.3% | 48.4% | ||
2 (moderate) | 12 | 4.1% | 35.7% | 9.5% | 38.9% | 16.1% | ||
3 (moderate to severe) | 1 | 0.3% | 0 | 4.8% | 5.6% | 0 | ||
4 (severe) | 2 | 0.7% | 7.1% | 0 | 0 | 6.5% | ||
5 (very severe) | 1 | 0.3% | 3.6% | 0 | 5.6% | 0 | ||
No information | 246 | 83.4% | ||||||
Salivary evaluation | 0.779 | 0.118 | ||||||
Xerostomia (dry mouth) | 4 | 1.4% | 7.1% | 9.5% | 16.7% | 3.2% | ||
Hyposalivation (reduced saliva) | 19 | 6.4% | 39.3% | 38.1% | 27.8% | 45.2% | ||
Normal | 25 | 8.5% | 53.6% | 47.6% | 50.0% | 51.6% | ||
Sialorrhea (excessive saliva) | 1 | 0.3% | 0 | 4.8% | 5.6% | 0 | ||
No information | 246 | 83.4% | ||||||
Oral hygiene care performed during hospitalization | 0.968 | 0.046 * | ||||||
No | 80 | 27.1% | 32.0% | 31.7% | 38.3% | 26.5% | ||
Yes | 171 | 58.0% | 68.0% | 68.3% | 61.7% | 73.5% | ||
No information | 44 | 14.9% | ||||||
Any oral evaluation at admission | 0.425 | 0.021 * | ||||||
Yes | 140 | 47.5% | 50.6% | 55.3% | 45.1% | 58.6% | ||
No | 155 | 52.5% | 49.4% | 44.7% | 54.9% | 41.4% |
Variables | Length of Hospitalization | p Value | SpO2 | p Value | Glasgow Coma Scale | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | ||||
Oral hygiene care performed | 0.693 | 0.269 | 0.774 | ||||||
No | 17.0 | 10.0 | 0.96 | 0.05 | 15.0 | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 17.0 | 11.5 | 0.96 | 0.05 | 15.0 | 0.0 | |||
Mouth opening | 0.542 | 0.061 | <0.001 * | ||||||
Normal | 16.0 | 13.0 | 0.96 | 0.03 | 15.0 | 0.0 | |||
Altered | 19.0 | 7.0 | 0.93 | 0.16 | 4.5 | 7.0 | |||
Swallowing alteration | 0.925 | 0.126 | 0.347 | ||||||
Normal | 16.0 | 9.0 | 0.96 | 0.03 | 15.0 | 0.0 | |||
Altered | 21.5 | 20.0 | 0.96 | 0.02 | 15.0 | 3.0 | |||
Lip alteration | 0.216 | 0.621 | 0.820 | ||||||
Normal | 27.0 | 15.0 | 0.96 | 0.03 | 15.0 | 1.0 | |||
Altered | 20.0 | 10.0 | 0.94 | 0.05 | 15.0 | 5.0 | |||
Tongue alteration | 1.000 | 0.131 | 0.871 | ||||||
Normal | 21.5 | 15.0 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 15.0 | 2.0 | |||
Altered | 19.0 | 13.0 | 0.93 | 0.13 | 15.0 | 4.5 | |||
Saliva alteration | 0.563 | 0.154 | 0.895 | ||||||
Normal | 17.5 | 15.0 | 0.96 | 0.02 | 15.0 | 9.0 | |||
Altered | 25.0 | 5.5 | 0.93 | 0.12 | 15.0 | 12.0 | |||
Oral mucosa alteration | 0.245 | 0.006 * | 0.287 | ||||||
Normal | 27.0 | 16.5 | 0.96 | 0.02 | 15.0 | 0.0 | |||
Altered | 17.0 | 9.5 | 0.82 | 0.24 | 9.0 | 6.0 | |||
Gum alteration | 0.859 | 0.368 | 0.628 | ||||||
Normal | 24.0 | 16.5 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 15.0 | 6.0 | |||
Altered | 24.0 | 2.5 | 0.93 | 0.11 | 9.0 | 6.0 | |||
Tooth alteration | 0.862 | 0.784 | 0.653 | ||||||
Normal | 26.0 | 7.5 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 15.0 | 8.0 | |||
Altered | 23.0 | 15.5 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 15.0 | 3.0 | |||
Gingival bleeding | 0.828 | 0.828 | 0.819 | ||||||
Normal | 27.0 | 19.5 | 0.96 | 0.03 | 15.0 | 2.0 | |||
Altered | 23.0 | 6.5 | 0.94 | 0.07 | 12.0 | 3.0 | |||
Dental calculus | 0.213 | 0.511 | 0.293 | ||||||
No | 16.0 | 12.5 | 0.96 | 0.02 | 15.0 | 9.0 | |||
Yes | 20.0 | 16.0 | 0.93 | 0.05 | 15.0 | 0.0 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jesus, T.W.S.d.; Correa, M.M.F.; Costa, M.M.L.; Assunção, M.R.L.d.; Sousa Júnior, S.F.; Casanovas, R.C.; de Castro Côrrea, N.; Rodrigues, V. Dental Care and Oral Health Assessments in Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit with COVID-19 Infection: A Chart Review. COVID 2025, 5, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5050066
Jesus TWSd, Correa MMF, Costa MML, Assunção MRLd, Sousa Júnior SF, Casanovas RC, de Castro Côrrea N, Rodrigues V. Dental Care and Oral Health Assessments in Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit with COVID-19 Infection: A Chart Review. COVID. 2025; 5(5):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5050066
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesus, Thais Withiney Serejo de, Mirtes Maria Ferreira Correa, Matheus Moreira Lima Costa, Mila Roselaine Lima de Assunção, Samuel Fernandes Sousa Júnior, Rosana Costa Casanovas, Natália de Castro Côrrea, and Vandilson Rodrigues. 2025. "Dental Care and Oral Health Assessments in Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit with COVID-19 Infection: A Chart Review" COVID 5, no. 5: 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5050066
APA StyleJesus, T. W. S. d., Correa, M. M. F., Costa, M. M. L., Assunção, M. R. L. d., Sousa Júnior, S. F., Casanovas, R. C., de Castro Côrrea, N., & Rodrigues, V. (2025). Dental Care and Oral Health Assessments in Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit with COVID-19 Infection: A Chart Review. COVID, 5(5), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5050066