Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. COVID-19 in the United States of America
1.2. Anxiety and Depression in the United States of America
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Model Formulation
3. Results
3.1. Vector Error Correction Model Results
3.1.1. Effects of COVID-19 in the Second Time Period
3.1.2. Effects of Social Isolation in the Second Time Period
3.2. Impulse Response Function Results
Effects of COVID-19 in the Second Time Period
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. VECM Equation Example
Variable | Meaning |
---|---|
Estimated percentage of respondents who reported feeling nervous, | |
anxious, or on edge for most or all of the past 5 days. | |
Estimated percentage of respondents who reported feeling depressed | |
for most or all of the past 5 days. | |
Estimated percentage of respondents who spent time with someone | |
who is not currently staying with you in the past 24 h. | |
Estimated percentage of respondents who worked or went to school outside | |
their home in the past 24 h. | |
Number of new confirmed COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population per day. | |
number of new confirmed COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population per day. | |
j-th coefficient of the i-th equation. | |
constant associated with the i-th equation. |
Appendix B. Results of the First Time Period
Appendix B.1. Effects of COVID-19 in the First Time Period
Appendix B.2. Effects of Social Isolation in the First Time Period
Appendix B.3. Impulse Response Function Results
Appendix B.3.1. Effects of COVID-19 in the First Time Period
Appendix B.3.2. Effects of Social Isolation in the First Time Period
Appendix C. Effects of Vaccination in the Second Time Period
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Fulk, A.; Saenz-Escarcega, R.; Kobayashi, H.; Maposa, I.; Agusto, F. Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America. COVID 2023, 3, 807-830. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3060060
Fulk A, Saenz-Escarcega R, Kobayashi H, Maposa I, Agusto F. Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America. COVID. 2023; 3(6):807-830. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3060060
Chicago/Turabian StyleFulk, Alexander, Raul Saenz-Escarcega, Hiroko Kobayashi, Innocent Maposa, and Folashade Agusto. 2023. "Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America" COVID 3, no. 6: 807-830. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3060060
APA StyleFulk, A., Saenz-Escarcega, R., Kobayashi, H., Maposa, I., & Agusto, F. (2023). Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America. COVID, 3(6), 807-830. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3060060