Community Coping Strategies for COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Ethical Permission
2.4. Study Procedure
2.5. Questionnaire
2.6. Reliability and Validity of the Brief-COPE
2.7. Statistical Testing
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Responses
3.2. Socio-Demography of Respondents Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents
3.3. Health-Related Information
3.4. Coping Strategies
3.5. Relationship between Socio-Demographics and Coping Strategy
3.6. Exploratory Factor Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coping Domains | Coping Styles | Indicators |
---|---|---|
Avoidance coping (AVC) | Denial (D) | Question items 3 and 8 |
Substance use (SU) | Question items 4 and 11 | |
Venting (V) | Question items 9 and 21 | |
Behavioral disengagement (BD) | Question items 6 and 16 | |
Self-distraction (SD) | Question items 1 and 19 | |
Self-blame (SB) | Question items 13 and 26 | |
Approach coping (APC) | Active coping (AC) | Question items 2 and 7 |
Positive reframing (PR) | Question items 12 and 17 | |
Planning (P) | Question items 14 and 25 | |
Acceptance (A) | Question items 20 and 24 | |
Seeking emotional support (SES) | Question items 5 and 15 | |
Seeking informational support (SIS) | Question items 10 and 23 | |
Humor (H) | Humor (H) | Question items 18 and 28 |
Religion (R) | Religion (R) | Question items 22 and 27 |
Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Number of Participants, n (%) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 1068 (53.4) |
Female | 933 (46.6) |
Age | |
Less than equal 25 years | 994 (49.7) |
26–37 years | 451 (22.5) |
38–49 years | 296 (14.8) |
50–61 years | 162 (8.1) |
More than 61 years | 98 (4.9) |
Marital status | |
Unmarried | 1043 (52.1) |
Married | 889(44.4) |
Widowed and divorced | 69 (3.4) |
Educational status | |
No formal education | 81 (4) |
Primary education | 190(9.5) |
Secondary education | 325(16.2) |
Higher secondary | 713 (35.6) |
Bachelor’s degree | 508(25.4) |
Master’s or above degree | 184 (9.2) |
Occupation | |
Government job | 117 (5.8) |
Private job | 199 (9.9) |
Farmer | 40 (2) |
Business | 175 (8.7) |
Student | 966(48.3) |
Retired | 52(2.6) |
Housewife | 359 (17.9) |
Unemployed | 34 (1.7) |
Others | 59 (2.9) |
Living area | |
Rural | 636 (31.8) |
Urban | 1365 (68.2) |
Tested COVID-19 | |
Yes | 70 (3.5) |
No | 1931 (96.5) |
COVID-19-like symptoms | |
Symptoms Present | 185 (9.2) |
Symptoms Absent | 1816 (92.8) |
COVID-19-positive among anyone around | |
Yes | 387 (19.3) |
No | 1614 (80.7) |
Variables | Avoidance Mean ± SD | t/F | p-Value (2tailed) | Approach | t/Chi | p-Value (2tailed) | Humor | t/F | p-Value (2tailed) | Religion | t/F | p-Value (2tailed) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male Female | 21.39 ± 6.0 20.18 ± 5.9 | 4.80 a | 0.001 ** | 30.13 ± 8.7 29.49 ± 9.1 | 1.579 a | 0.114 | 2.82 ± 1.4 2.53 ± 1.9 | 4.7 a | 0.001 ** | 5.58 ± 1.9 5.70 ± 1.8 | −1.36 a | 0.174 |
Age | ||||||||||||
≤25 26–37 38–49 50–61 >61 | 21.04 ± 6.42 0.52 ± 5.69 20.29 ± 5.61 21.00 ± 5.30 21.34 ± 5.80 | 1.397 b | 0.232 | 29.44 ± 8.99 29.77 ± 9.07 30.59 ± 9.15 31.10 ± 7.78 29.66 ± 8.99 | 1.835 b | 0.119 | 2.80 ± 1.49 2.57 ± 1.84 2.58 ± 1.22 2.59 ± 1.77 2.54 ± 1.24 | 3.41 b | 0.009 | 5.55 ± 1.91 5.51 ± 1.90 5.75 ± 1.88 5.92 ± 1.78 6.30 ± 1.76 | 5.21 b | 0.001 ** |
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Unmarried Married Widowed and divorced | 20.94 ± 6.3 20.51 ± 5.4 23.22 ± 8.1 | 6.83 b | 0.001 ** | 29.43 ± 8.9 30.34 ± 8.9 29.42 ± 8.2 | 2.531 b | 0.080 | 2.77 ± 1.4 2.54 ± 1.1 3.17 ± 1.8 | 11.89 b | 0.001 ** | 5.51 ± 1.9 5.76 ± 1.8 5.90 ± 1.6 | 5.00 b | 0.007 ** |
Education | ||||||||||||
No formal education Primary education Secondary education Higher secondary Bachelor’s degree Master’s and above degree | 22.02 ± 7.9 19.75 ± 5.7 20.56 ± 5.9 21.42 ± 6.3 20.29 ± 5.4 21.04 ± 5.76 | 4.22 b | 0.001 ** | 28.62 ± 10.9 28.45 ± 10.4 28.45 ± 8.7 30.19 ± 8.3 30.47 ± 9.1 31.07 ± 8.3 | 4.23 b | 0.001 ** | 3.25 ± 1.7 2.47 ± 1.0 2.58 ± 1.1 2.84 ± 1.5 2.50 ± 1.1 2.72 ± 1.4 | 8.07 b | 0.001 ** | 5.01 ± 2.2 5.26 ± 2.1 5.38 ± 1.8 5.75 ± 1.8 5.80 ± 1.8 5.88 ± 1.7 | 6.40 b | 0.001 ** |
Occupation | ||||||||||||
Government job Private job Farmer Business Student Retired Housewife Unemployed Others | 20.42 ± 5.7 20.31 ± 5.5 24.50 ± 6.3 20.90 ± 5.17 21.13 ± 6.3 21.85 ± 5.8 20.06 ± 5.74 20.62 ± 5.86 19.54 ± 5.8 | 3.67 b | 0.001 ** | 30.91 ± 9.1 30.65 ± 8.7 31.20 ± 9.3 30.07 ± 8.9 29.54 ± 8.8 31.15 ± 7.6 29.84 ± 9.2 28.88 ± 8.04 27.37 ± 9.6 | 1.42 b | 0.180 | 2.53 ± 1.2 2.50 ± 1.1 3.68 ± 1.6 2.58 ± 1.1 2.78 ± 1.4 2.50 ± 1.2 2.50 ± 1.2 2.74 ± 1.3 2.90 ± 1.7 | 5.21 b | 0.001 ** | 5.94 ± 1.8 5.80 ± 1.9 5.53 ± 1.8 5.45 ± 1.9 5.55 ± 1.9 6.29 ± 1.7 5.88 ± 1.8 5.24 ± 2.01 4.76 ± 1.8 | 4.40 b | 0.001 ** |
Living area | ||||||||||||
Rural Urban | 21.37 ± 6 20.57 ± 6 | 2.732 a | 0.006 ** | 30.98 ± 8.2 29.30 ± 9.2 | −3.944 a | 0.001 ** | 2.78 ± 1.43 2.64 ± 1.31 | −2.271 a | 0.023 * | 5.77 ± 1.85 5.58 ± 1.91 | −2.148 a | 0.032 * |
Tested COVID | ||||||||||||
Yes No | 21.93 ± 5.33 20.79 ± 6.07 | 1.562 a | 0.121 | 33.64 ± 7.13 29.72 ± 8.98 | 2.678 a | 0.007 ** | 2.76 ± 1.45 2.68 ± 1.35 | 0.461 a | 0.645 | 6.17 ± 1.45 5.62 ± 1.90 | 2.403 a | 0.016 * |
COVID | ||||||||||||
Symptoms Present No | 22.23 ± 4.52 20.68 ± 6.17 | 3.314 a | 0.001 ** | 34.15 ± 6.42 29.39 ± 9.05 | 6.962 a | 0.001 ** | 2.63 ± 1.23 2.69 ± 1.37 | −0.595 a | 0.552 | 6.23 ± 1.54 5.57 ± 1.91 | 5.168 a | 0.001 ** |
COVID anyone around | ||||||||||||
Yes No | 20.59 ± 4.20 20.88 ± 6.41 | −0.856 a | 0.392 | 22.97 ± 7.25 29.08 ± 9.15 | 7.796 a | 0.001 ** | 2.37 ± 0.96 2.76 ± 1.42 | −5.097 a | 0.001 ** | 6.12 ± 1.62 5.52 ± 1.93 | 5.669 a | 0.001 ** |
Variables | Avoidance | Approach | Humor | Religion | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2 | B | OR | p | χ2 | B | OR | p | χ2 | B | OR | p | χ2 | B | OR | p | |
Male vs. Female | 67.93 | 0.135 | 0.874 | 0.003 ** | 31.9 | −0.135 | 0.874 | 0.003 ** | 25.49 | 0.135 | 0.874 | 0.003 ** | 3.335 | −0.135 | 0.874 | 0.003 ** |
18–35 vs. other age categories | 32.0 | −0.860 | 0.423 | 0.001 ** | 50.804 | 0.860 | 0.423 | 0.001 ** | 15.37 | −0.860 | 0.423 | 0.001 ** | 20.676 | −0.860 | 0.423 | 0.001 ** |
Unmarried vs. others | 45.86 | −0.085 | 0.919 | 0.057 | 80.579 | −0.085 | 0.919 | 0.057 | 13.5 | −0.085 | 0.919 | 0.05 | 18.492 | −0.085 | 0.919 | 0.05 |
Higher secondary and Bachelor vs. Other educational status | 61.0 | −0.448 | 0.639 | 0.001 ** | 67.403 | 0.448 | 0.639 | 0.001 ** | 13.47 | 0.448 | 0.639 | 0.001 ** | 5.62 | −0.448 | 0.639 | 0.001 ** |
Student vs. Other occupation | 53.7 | 0.067 | 1.0 | 0.123 | 76.127 | 0.069 | 1.07 | 0.123 | 14.37 | 0.069 | 1.07 | 0.123 | 8.91 | 0.069 | 1.07 | 0.123 |
Rural vs. Urban | 83.4 | −0.764 | 0.46 | 0.001 ** | 99.99 | −0.764 | 0.466 | 0.001 ** | 11.354 | −0.764 | 0.466 | 0.001 ** | 22.84 | −0.764 | 0.466 | 0.001 ** |
Symptoms present vs. absent | 99.5 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.001 ** | 135.60 | 2.28 | 0.81 | 0.001 ** | 7.713 | 2.28 | 0.816 | 0.001 ** | 40.96 | 2.28 | 0.81 | 0.001 ** |
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Hossain, K.M.A.; Shafin, R.; Yeasmin, M.H.; Jahid, I.K.; Hossain, M.A.; Rana, S.; Kabir, M.F.; Chokrovorty, S.K.; Faruqui, R. Community Coping Strategies for COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey. COVID 2023, 3, 320-335. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3030024
Hossain KMA, Shafin R, Yeasmin MH, Jahid IK, Hossain MA, Rana S, Kabir MF, Chokrovorty SK, Faruqui R. Community Coping Strategies for COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey. COVID. 2023; 3(3):320-335. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3030024
Chicago/Turabian StyleHossain, K. M. Amran, Rubayet Shafin, Mst. Hosneara Yeasmin, Iqbal Kabir Jahid, Mohammad Anwar Hossain, Shohag Rana, Mohammad Feroz Kabir, Sanjit Kumar Chokrovorty, and Rafey Faruqui. 2023. "Community Coping Strategies for COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey" COVID 3, no. 3: 320-335. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3030024