The Impact of Weather Conditions on Mode Choice in Different Spatial Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mobility in Germany 2017
2.2. Spatial Areas
- Metropolis (urban);
- Central city (urban);
- City (urban);
- Small city/village (urban);
- Central city (rural);
- City (rural);
- Small city/village (rural).
2.3. Weather Data
2.4. Mode Choice Modelling
- i denoting the mode choice of interest from the available alternatives A (walking, riding a bike, driving a car or using public transport);
- q referring to observation q;
- Βki being a vector of alternative specific coefficients (β0i, β1i, β2i, …, βMi,);
- Xmiq constituting a vector of the explanatory variables (x1iq, x2iq, …, xMiq).
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analyses
3.2. Multinomial Logit Models
4. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Independent Variables | Dependent Variable: Mode Choice (Ref. Car Driver) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metropolis (Urban) | Central City (Urban) | ||||||
Walking | Bicycle | Public Transp. | Walking | Bicycle | Public Transp. | ||
Intercept | 3.08 * | 2.02 * | 2.75 * | 2.84 * | 1.92 * | 1.45 * | |
Sex (ref. man) | Woman | 0.24 * | 0.19 * | 0.22 * | 0.36 * | 0.03 | 0.55 * |
Age (ref. 0–17) | 18–29 | −0.02 | −1.15 * | 0.09 | 0.12 | −0.35 * | −0.07 |
30–39 | −0.04 | −1.35 * | −0.29 * | 0.06 | −0.60 * | −0.22 | |
40–49 | 0.00 | −1.19 * | −0.34 * | −0.21 | −0.58 * | −0.05 | |
50–59 | 0.08 | −1.09 * | −0.36 * | −0.12 | −0.52 * | −0.10 | |
60–69 | −0.22 | −0.90 * | −0.11 | 0.06 | −0.40 * | 0.17 | |
70–79 | 0.17 | −1.00 * | 0.12 | 0.48 * | −0.09 | 0.49 * | |
≥80 | 0.35 * | −0.60 * | 0.22 | 0.86 * | −0.44 * | 1.19 * | |
Economic status (ref. very low) | Low | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.46 * | 0.38 * | 0.36 * | 0.41 * |
Middle | 0.01 | −0.12 * | −0.44 * | 0.27 * | 0.52 * | 0.31 * | |
High | 0.02 | 0.13 * | −0.44 * | 0.23 * | 0.61 * | 0.03 | |
Very high | −0.24 * | 0.13 * | −0.31 * | 0.13 * | 0.53 * | 0.09 | |
Education (ref. no school certificate) | Basic school certificate | 0.05 | 0.74 * | 0.31 * | −0.25 * | 0.59 * | 0.21 * |
Middle school certificate | −0.06 | 0.66 * | 0.44 * | −0.31 * | 0.44 * | 0.34 * | |
High school certificate | −0.07 | 1.24 * | 0.56 * | −0.44 * | 0.76 * | 0.39 * | |
University degree | 0.13 | 1.54 * | 0.79 * | −0.08 | 1.19 * | 0.55 * | |
Other certificate | 0.56 * | 1.46 * | 1.20 * | −0.82 * | 0.61 * | −0.30 * | |
Occupation status (ref. employed) | Education | 0.31 * | 0.04 | 0.63 * | 0.13 * | 0.58 * | 1.15 * |
Housekeeping | 0.44 * | 0.12 | 0.29 * | 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.21 * | |
Retired | 0.46 * | 0.08 | 0.12 * | −0.11 * | 0.02 | 0.19 * | |
Other | 0.39 * | 0.21 * | 0.38 * | −0.09 * | 0.01 | 0.36 * | |
Car availability (ref. no) | Yes | −2.76 * | −2.96 * | −3.61 * | −3.27 * | −3.70 * | −4.26 * |
Weekend (ref. no) | Yes | 0.42 * | 0.40 * | −0.21 * | 0.49 * | 0.50 * | −0.10 * |
Trip purpose (ref. work) | Education | 1.49 * | 1.52 * | 0.72 * | 0.58 * | 0.18 * | 0.00 |
Shopping and other errands | −0.01 | −0.87 * | −0.69 * | −0.09 * | −1.13 * | −0.76 * | |
Other purpose | 0.51 * | −0.31 * | −0.17 * | 0.50 * | −0.58 * | −0.43 * | |
Trip length | −0.34 * | −0.11 * | 0.01 * | −0.22 * | −0.09 * | 0.03 * | |
Season (ref. winter) | Spring | 0.13 * | 0.12 * | 0.08 | −0.00 | 0.09 * | −0.28 * |
Summer | 0.20 * | 0.16 * | 0.12 * | 0.02 | 0.09 | −0.10 | |
Autumn | −0.02 | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.12 * | −0.03 | −0.14 * | |
Temperature | −0.00 | 0.02 * | −0.01 * | 0.01 * | 0.02 * | 0.01 * | |
Precipitation | 0.00 * | 0.00 | 0.00 * | −0.00 | −0.01 * | −0.00 | |
Wind speed | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.05 * | 0.02 * | −0.07 * | −0.03 * | |
Temperature (one day ago) | 0.02 * | −0.01 | −0.02 * | −0.03 * | 0.01 | −0.00 | |
Temperature (two days ago) | −0.02 * | 0.01 | 0.02 * | 0.02 * | 0.01 * | 0.00 | |
Heat (ref. no) | Yes | 0.24 * | −0.03 | 0.10 | 0.05 | −0.49 * | −0.53 * |
Heat period (ref. no) | Yes | −0.45 * | −0.39 * | −0.39 * | 0.31 * | 0.34 * | 0.55 * |
Heavy rain | −0.04 * | −0.02 * | −0.04 * | −0.02 * | 0.03 * | −0.01 | |
AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) | 187,404.3 | 175,787.2 | |||||
McFadden’s Pseudo R2 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
Independent Variables | Dependent Variable: Mode Choice (Ref. Car Driver) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City (Urban) | Small City/Village (Urban) | ||||||
Walking | Bicycle | Public Transp. | Walking | Bicycle | Public Transp. | ||
Intercept | 3.16 * | 2.21 * | 1.67 * | 3.09 * | 2.66 * | 0.97 * | |
Sex (ref. man) | Woman | 0.07 * | −0.24 * | −0.02 | 0.12 * | −0.20 * | 0.04 |
Age (ref. 0–17) | 18–29 | −1.57 * | −1.94 * | −0.96 * | −3.55 * | −3.12 * | −3.51 * |
30–39 | −1.45 * | −1.61 * | −0.98 * | −3.62 * | −3.01 * | −3.00 * | |
40–49 | −1.65 * | −1.32 * | −1.01 * | −3.65 * | −3.05 * | −4.08 * | |
50–59 | −1.38 * | −1.20 * | −0.77 * | −2.99 * | −2.84 * | −3.88 * | |
60–69 | −1.64 * | −1.01 * | −0.73 * | −3.12 * | −3.03 * | −4.20 * | |
70–79 | −1.66 * | −0.78 * | −0.22 | −3.15 * | −2.87 * | −2.83 * | |
≥80 | −1.67 * | −1.41 * | −0.10 | −2.52 * | −2.91 * | −2.86 * | |
Economic status (ref. very low) | Low | 0.45 * | 0.40 * | 0.50 * | 0.39 * | −0.09 | 0.86 * |
Middle | 0.39 * | 0.38 * | 0.30 * | 0.30 * | 0.26 * | 0.48 * | |
High | 0.42 * | 0.68 * | 0.42 * | 0.17 * | 0.15 * | 0.32 * | |
Very high | 0.48 * | 0.64 * | 0.57 * | −0.28 * | −0.44 * | 0.59 * | |
Education (ref. no school certificate) | Basic school certificate | 0.12 | −0.17 | −0.25 * | 1.67 * | 1.61 * | 1.48 * |
Middle school certificate | 0.04 | −0.19 | −0.10 | 1.58 * | 1.41 * | 2.12 * | |
High school certificate | −0.00 | −0.06 | 0.07 | 1.51 * | 1.74 * | 2.07 * | |
University degree | 0.11 | 0.03 | −0.15 | 1.94 * | 1.77 * | 2.74 * | |
Other certificate | 0.12 | −0.67 * | 0.01 | 2.12 * | 0.97 * | 2.89 * | |
Occupation status (ref. employed) | Education | 0.06 | 0.56 * | 1.33 * | 0.51 * | 0.43 * | 1.16 * |
Housekeeping | 0.14 * | 0.41 * | 0.64 * | −0.54 * | −0.36 * | −0.38 * | |
Retired | 0.62 * | 0.38 * | 0.28 * | 0.09 * | 0.52 * | 0.10 | |
Other | 0.44 * | 0.55 * | 0.90 * | −0.28 * | −0.28 * | −0.02 | |
Car availability (ref. no) | Yes | −2.89 * | −3.19 * | −4.51 * | −2.33 * | −3.03 * | −3.10 * |
Weekend (ref. no) | Yes | 0.47 * | 0.43 * | −0.28 * | 0.63 * | 0.77 * | 0.14 * |
Trip purpose (ref. work) | Education | 1.69 * | 0.56 * | 0.54 * | 0.76 * | 0.19 | 1.22 * |
Shopping and other errands | 0.11 * | −0.87 * | −1.05 * | −0.08 * | −0.79 * | −1.18 * | |
Other purpose | 0.98 * | −0.41 * | −0.76 * | 1.28 * | 0.03 | −0.26 * | |
Trip length | −0.24 * | −0.09 * | 0.06 * | −0.28 * | −0.11 * | 0.04 * | |
Season (ref. winter) | Spring | 0.07 | 0.24 * | −0.05 | 0.18 * | 1.03 * | 0.23 * |
Summer | 0.14 * | 0.25 * | −0.06 | 0.28 * | 1.20 * | −0.06 * | |
Autumn | −0.07 * | 0.29 * | −0.08 | 0.26 * | 0.72 * | −0.63 * | |
Temperature | −0.02 | 0.04 * | −0.01 | −0.01 * | 0.01 * | −0.09 * | |
Precipitation | 0.00 * | 0.00 * | 0.00 * | −0.01 * | −0.01 * | 0.00 | |
Wind speed | −0.01 | −0.03 * | −0.03 * | 0.03 * | −0.04 * | −0.03 * | |
Temperature (one day ago) | 0.01 * | 0.02 * | 0.00 | −0.01 * | 0.04 * | 0.02 * | |
Temperature (two days ago) | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.01 * | 0.02 * | −0.05 * | 0.07 * | |
Heat (ref. no) | Yes | 0.07 | −0.19 * | 0.13 | 0.37 * | −0.23 * | 0.16 |
Heat period (ref. no) | Yes | −0.68 * | −0.34 * | −1.40 * | 0.49 * | 0.55 * | 0.20 |
Heavy rain | −0.05 * | −0.08 * | −0.03 * | 0.07 * | 0.08 * | −0.04 * | |
AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) | 148,448.7 | 132,634.8 | |||||
McFadden’s Pseudo R2 | 0.40 | 0.44 |
Independent Variables | Dependent Variable: Mode Choice (Ref. Car Driver) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central City (Rural) | City (Rural) | ||||||
Walking | Bicycle | Public Transp. | Walking | Bicycle | Public Transp. | ||
Intercept | 2.59 * | 1.67 * | −0.87 * | 2.98 * | 2.42 * | 1.90 * | |
Sex (ref. man) | Woman | 0.41 * | −0.04 | 0.57 * | 0.18 * | −0.15 * | 0.06 |
Age (ref. 0–17) | 18–29 | −0.47 * | −0.63 * | 0.07 | −0.91 * | −1.07 * | 0.07 |
30–39 | −0.10 | 0.01 | −0.37 * | −0.77 * | −0.43 * | 0.64 * | |
40–49 | −0.27 * | 0.04 | −0.02 | −0.55 * | −0.36 * | 0.08 | |
50–59 | −0.29 * | −0.13 | 0.12 | −0.59 * | −0.26 | 0.72 * | |
60–69 | −0.23 | 0.18 | −0.66 * | −0.41 * | −0.46 * | 0.31 | |
70–79 | −0.04 | 0.23 | 0.16 | −0.42 * | −0.26 | 0.10 | |
≥80 | 0.12 | 0.41 * | 0.22 | −0.26 | −0.93 * | 0.11 | |
Economic status (ref. very low) | Low | 0.09 * | 0.40 * | 0.80 * | −0.10 * | −0.88 * | −0.42 * |
Middle | −0.09 * | 0.12 * | 0.40 * | −0.12 * | −0.46 * | −0.32 * | |
High | −0.34 * | −0.04 | 0.52 * | −0.47 * | −0.55 * | −0.80 * | |
Very high | −0.01 | 0.21 * | 0.85 * | −0.12 * | −0.12 | −0.99 * | |
Education (ref. no school certificate) | Basic school certificate | −0.48 * | 0.04 | 0.46 * | 0.10 | −0.08 | −0.78 * |
Middle school certificate | −0.61 * | −0.17 | 0.84 * | −0.01 | −0.24 * | −1.13 * | |
High school certificate | −0.28 * | 0.30 * | 0.42 * | −0.05 | −0.01 | −0.94 * | |
University degree | −0.25 * | 0.24 * | 1.05 * | 0.09 | 0.25 * | −0.71 * | |
Other certificate | 0.14 | 0.43 * | 0.21 | 0.69 * | 0.42 * | −1.19 * | |
Occupation status (ref. employed) | Education | −0.03 | 0.64 * | 0.84 * | 0.45 * | 1.34 * | 1.47 * |
Housekeeping | 0.19 * | 0.30 * | 0.42 * | 0.15 * | 0.59 * | 0.70 * | |
Retired | 0.44 * | 0.19 * | 0.75 * | 0.32 * | 0.96 * | 0.70 * | |
Other | 0.55 * | 1.09 * | 0.97 * | −0.11 * | 0.46 * | 0.16 | |
Car availability (ref. no) | Yes | −2.63 * | −2.72 * | −4.62 * | −3.10 * | −3.04 * | −4.64 * |
Weekend (ref. no) | Yes | 0.38 * | 0.60 * | 0.07 | 0.65 * | 0.42 * | −0.15 * |
Trip purpose (ref. work) | Education | 1.44 * | 1.11 * | 1.68 * | 0.91 * | −0.39 * | 0.46 * |
Shopping and other errands | −0.09 * | −0.98 * | −0.29 * | 0.21 * | −0.93 * | −0.92 * | |
Other purpose | 0.54 * | −0.66 * | −0.06 | 1.04 * | −0.48 * | −0.71 * | |
Trip length | −0.22 * | −0.07 * | 0.04 * | −0.22 * | −0.07 * | 0.05 * | |
Season (ref. winter) | Spring | −0.48 * | 0.13 * | −0.05 | 0.07 * | 0.42 * | 0.21 * |
Summer | −0.73 * | 0.26 * | −0.46 * | 0.29 * | 0.35 * | −0.10 | |
Autumn | −0.33 * | −0.11 * | −0.18 * | −0.05 | 0.34 * | 0.05 | |
Temperature | 0.01 * | 0.00 | −0.09 * | 0.00 | 0.02 * | 0.01 | |
Precipitation | −0.00 * | −0.00 * | −0.01 * | 0.00 | −0.01 * | −0.00 * | |
Wind speed | 0.07 * | 0.04 * | 0.03 * | 0.02 * | −0.06 * | −0.02 * | |
Temperature (one day ago) | −0.03 * | −0.04 * | 0.12 * | −0.00 | −0.02 * | −0.01 | |
Temperature (two days ago) | 0.04 * | 0.02 * | 0.00 | −0.02 * | 0.01 * | −0.01 | |
Heat (ref. no) | Yes | 0.11 | 0.73 * | −0.01 | −0.16 * | −0.16 * | −0.48 * |
Heat period (ref. no) | Yes | −0.64 * | −0.64 * | 1.44 * | 2.03 * | 1.31 * | −0.15 |
Heavy rain | −0.01 * | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.02 * | 0.07 * | −0.01 | |
AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) | 164,623.5 | 145,521.1 | |||||
McFadden’s Pseudo R2 | 0.36 | 0.39 |
Independent Variables | Dependent Variable: Mode Choice (Ref. Car Driver) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Small City/Village (Rural) | ||||
Walking | Bicycle | Public Transport | ||
Intercept | 2.97 * | 2.00 * | −0.41 * | |
Sex (ref. man) | Woman | 0.38 * | −0.08 * | 0.24 * |
Age (ref. 0–17) | 18–29 | 0.41 * | −0.90 * | −0.78 * |
30–39 | −0.25 | −0.95 * | −0.15 | |
40–49 | −0.21 | −0.60 * | −0.38 | |
50–59 | 0.15 | −0.24 | 0.14 | |
60–69 | 0.20 | −0.31 | 0.40 * | |
70–79 | 0.24 | −0.66 * | 1.17 * | |
≥80 | 0.39 * | −1.04 * | 0.98 * | |
Economic status (ref. very low) | Low | −0.13 * | 0.32 * | 0.34 * |
Middle | 0.04 | 0.19 * | −0.07 | |
High | 0.01 | 0.16 * | 0.04 | |
Very high | −0.20 * | 0.24 * | −0.60 * | |
Education (ref. no school certificate) | Basic school certificate | −0.51 * | −0.40 * | 0.32 * |
Middle school certificate | −0.46 * | −0.31 * | 0.33 * | |
High school certificate | −0.47 * | −0.45 * | 0.06 | |
University degree | −0.21 | −0.21 | 0.56 * | |
Other certificate | −0.74 * | −0.89 * | 0.70 * | |
Occupation status (ref. employed) | Education | −0.11 | 0.20 * | 1.56 * |
Housekeeping | −0.01 | 0.19 * | 0.68 * | |
Retired | 0.40 * | 0.74 * | −0.11 | |
Other | 0.24 * | 0.13 * | 0.48 * | |
Car availability (ref. no) | Yes | −3.33 * | −3.19 * | −4.39 * |
Weekend (ref. no) | Yes | 0.65 * | 0.43 * | 0.04 |
Trip purpose (ref. work) | Education | 0.96 * | 0.02 | 1.60 * |
Shopping and other errands | −0.21 * | −0.63 * | −0.72 * | |
Other purpose | 1.08 * | 0.14 * | −0.56 * | |
Trip length | −0.23 * | −0.07 * | 0.05 * | |
Season (ref. winter) | Spring | −0.09 * | 0.17 * | 0.19 * |
Summer | −0.30 * | 0.23 * | −0.41 * | |
Autumn | −0.13 * | 0.16 * | −0.06 | |
Temperature | −0.01 * | 0.03 * | 0.03 * | |
Precipitation | −0.00 * | −0.01 * | −0.00 | |
Wind speed | 0.01 | −0.11 * | 0.05 * | |
Temperature (one day ago) | 0.01 * | −0.01 | −0.03 * | |
Temperature (two days ago) | 0.00 | 0.02 * | 0.01 | |
Heat (ref. no) | Yes | 0.36 * | 0.17 * | 0.53 * |
Heat period (ref. no) | Yes | −1.61 * | −5.38 * | −3.69 * |
Heavy rain | 0.01 * | 0.04 * | −0.07 * | |
AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) | 132,047.6 | |||
McFadden’s Pseudo R2 | 0.43 |
Spatial Area | All Seasons | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metropolis (urban) | 4.0 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 3.6 |
Central city (urban) | 4.1 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 3.5 |
City (urban) | 4.4 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 3.6 |
Small city/village (urban) | 5.4 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 6.3 | 5.0 |
Central city (rural) | 4.2 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 2.8 |
City (rural) | 4.8 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 3.7 |
Small city/village (rural) | 5.1 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 3.9 |
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Mode | Spatial Area Type | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | ||||||
Metropolis | Central City | City | Small City/Village | Central City | City | Small City/Village | |
Walking | 26% | 24% | 22% | 22% | 22% | 22% | 21% |
Bicycle | 14% | 14% | 11% | 10% | 13% | 10% | 9% |
Car (passenger) | 10% | 14% | 17% | 16% | 16% | 17% | 17% |
Car (driver) | 24% | 33% | 42% | 46% | 41% | 46% | 48% |
Public Transport | 26% | 15% | 8% | 6% | 8% | 5% | 5% |
Sum of trips | 98,676 | 84,390 | 141,081 | 32,448 | 30,803 | 75,329 | 70,836 |
Weather Condition | Type/Scale | Unit | Value Range | Temporal Resolution | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Interval | °Celsius | −20.4–36.8 | Hourly | Maximum air temperature in the hour of the day in which the trip began |
Temperature | Interval | °Celsius | −20.3–36.8 | Daily | Maximum air temperature on the day on which the trip was conducted |
Wind speed | Ratio | Meter per second | 0–24.1 | Hourly | Mean wind speed in the hour in which the trip began |
Wind speed | Ratio | Meter per second | 0.1–19.5 | Daily | Mean wind speed on the day on which the trip was conducted |
Precipitation | Ratio | Millimetre | 0–682 | Hourly | Sum of precipitation in the hour in which the trip began |
Precipitation | Ratio | Millimetre | 0–1771 | Daily | Sum of precipitation on the day on which the trip was conducted |
Relative humidity | Interval | Percentage | 5–100 | Hourly | Mean relative humidity in the hour of the day in which the trip began |
Heat | Dummy | Not applicable | 0 (no), 1 (yes) | Hourly | Indicates whether the trip began in an hour in which the maximum air temperature was at least 30 °C |
Heat | Dummy | Not applicable | 0 (no), 1 (yes) | Daily | Indicates whether the trip was conducted on a day on which the maximum air temperature was at least 30 °C |
Heat period | Dummy | Not applicable | 0 (no), 1 (yes) | 5-day-period | Indicates whether the trip was conducted on a day that belongs to a 5-day-period in which the maximum air temperature was at least 30 °C on each day |
Temperature one day ago | Interval | °Celsius | −16.8–36.8 | Daily | Maximum air temperature one day before the day on which the trip was conducted |
Temperature two days ago | Interval | °Celsius | −10.8–36.8 | Daily | Maximum air temperature two days before the day on which the trip was conducted |
Heavy rain | Dummy | Not applicable | 0 (no), 1 (yes) | Hourly | Indicates whether the trip began in an hour with at least 15 mm of precipitation |
Heavy rain | Interval | Percentage | 0–83 | Daily | Indicates the share of hours with at least 15 mm of precipitation of the day on which the trip was conducted |
Weather Conditions | Hourly Temporal Resolution (Mean Values per Season) | Daily Temporal Resolution (Mean Values per Season) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
Mean of maximum air temperature (in °Celsius) | 15.2 | 20.8 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 18.1 | 23.9 | 9.3 | 6.2 |
Mean of mean wind speed (in m/s) | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.8 |
Mean of precipitation (in mm) | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 14.8 | 25.8 | 12.1 | 15.1 |
Name | Type/Scale |
---|---|
Sex | Nominal |
Age group | Ordinal |
Economic status | Ordinal |
Education | Ordinal |
Occupation status | Nominal |
Car availability | Dummy |
Weekend | Dummy |
Trip purpose | Nominal |
Trip length | Ratio |
Season of the year | Nominal |
Independent Variables | Dependent Variable: Mode Choice (Ref. Car Driver) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walk | Bicycle | Public Transp. | Walk | Bicycle | Public Transp. | ||
Metropolis (urban) | Central city (urban) | ||||||
Season (ref. winter) | Spring | 0.13 * | 0.12 * | 0.08 | −0.00 | 0.09 * | −0.28 * |
Summer | 0.20 * | 0.16 * | 0.12 * | 0.02 | 0.09 | −0.10 | |
Autumn | −0.02 | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.12 * | −0.03 | −0.14 * | |
Temperature | −0.00 | 0.02 * | −0.01 * | 0.01 * | 0.02 * | 0.01 * | |
Precipitation | 0.00 * | 0.00 | 0.00 * | −0.00 | −0.01 * | −0.00 | |
Wind speed | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.05 * | 0.02 * | −0.07 * | −0.03 * | |
Temperature (one day ago) | 0.02 * | −0.01 | −0.02 * | −0.03 * | 0.01 | −0.00 | |
Temperature (two days ago) | −0.02 * | 0.01 | 0.02 * | 0.02 * | 0.01 * | 0.00 | |
Heat (ref. no) | Yes | 0.24 * | −0.03 | 0.10 | 0.05 | −0.49 * | −0.53 * |
Heat period (ref. no) | Yes | −0.45 * | −0.39 * | −0.39 * | 0.31 * | 0.34 * | 0.55 * |
Heavy rain | −0.04 * | −0.02 * | −0.04 * | −0.02 * | 0.03 * | −0.01 | |
City (urban) | Small city/village (urban) | ||||||
Season (ref. winter) | Spring | 0.07 | 0.24 * | −0.05 | 0.18 * | 1.03 * | 0.23 * |
Summer | 0.14 * | 0.25 * | −0.06 | 0.28 * | 1.20 * | −0.06 * | |
Autumn | −0.07 * | 0.29 * | −0.08 | 0.26 * | 0.72 * | −0.63 * | |
Temperature | −0.02 | 0.04 * | −0.01 | −0.01 * | 0.01 * | −0.09 * | |
Precipitation | 0.00 * | 0.00 * | 0.00 * | −0.01 * | −0.01 * | 0.00 | |
Wind speed | −0.01 | −0.03 * | −0.03 * | 0.03 * | −0.04 * | −0.03 * | |
Temperature (one day ago) | 0.01 * | 0.02 * | 0.00 | −0.01 * | 0.04 * | 0.02 * | |
Temperature (two days ago) | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.01 * | 0.02 * | −0.05 * | 0.07 * | |
Heat (ref. no) | Yes | 0.07 | −0.19 * | 0.13 | 0.37 * | −0.23 * | 0.16 |
Heat period (ref. no) | Yes | −0.68 * | −0.34 * | −1.40 * | 0.49 * | 0.55 * | 0.20 |
Heavy rain | −0.05 * | −0.08 * | −0.03 * | 0.07 * | 0.08 * | −0.04 * | |
Central city (rural) | City (rural) | ||||||
Season (ref. winter) | Spring | −0.48 * | 0.13 * | −0.05 | 0.07 * | 0.42 * | 0.21 * |
Summer | −0.73 * | 0.26 * | −0.46 * | 0.29 * | 0.35 * | −0.10 | |
Autumn | −0.33 * | −0.11 * | −0.18 * | −0.05 | 0.34 * | 0.05 | |
Temperature | 0.01 * | 0.00 | −0.09 * | 0.00 | 0.02 * | 0.01 | |
Precipitation | −0.00 * | −0.00 * | −0.01 * | 0.00 | −0.01 * | −0.00 * | |
Wind speed | 0.07 * | 0.04 * | 0.03 * | 0.02 * | −0.06 * | −0.02 * | |
Temperature (one day ago) | −0.03 * | −0.04 * | 0.12 * | −0.00 | −0.02 * | −0.01 | |
Temperature (two days ago) | 0.04 * | 0.02 * | 0.00 | −0.02 * | 0.01 * | −0.01 | |
Heat (ref. no) | Yes | 0.11 | 0.73 * | −0.01 | −0.16 * | −0.16 * | −0.48 * |
Heat period (ref. no) | Yes | −0.64 * | −0.64 * | 1.44 * | 2.03 * | 1.31 * | −0.15 |
Heavy rain | −0.01 * | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.02 * | 0.07 * | −0.01 | |
Small city/village (rural) | |||||||
Season (ref. winter) | Spring | −0.09 * | 0.17 * | 0.19 * | |||
Summer | −0.30 * | 0.23 * | −0.41 * | ||||
Autumn | −0.13 * | 0.16 * | −0.06 | ||||
Temperature | −0.01 * | 0.03 * | 0.03 * | ||||
Precipitation | −0.00 * | −0.01 * | −0.00 | ||||
Wind speed | 0.01 | −0.11 * | 0.05 * | ||||
Temperature (one day ago) | 0.01 * | −0.01 | −0.03 * | ||||
Temperature (two days ago) | 0.00 | 0.02 * | 0.01 | ||||
Heat (ref. no) | Yes | 0.36 * | 0.17 * | 0.53 * | |||
Heat period (ref. no) | Yes | −1.61 * | −5.38 * | −3.69 * | |||
Heavy rain | 0.01 * | 0.04 * | −0.07 * |
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Share and Cite
Galich, A.; Nieland, S. The Impact of Weather Conditions on Mode Choice in Different Spatial Areas. Future Transp. 2023, 3, 1007-1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp3030056
Galich A, Nieland S. The Impact of Weather Conditions on Mode Choice in Different Spatial Areas. Future Transportation. 2023; 3(3):1007-1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp3030056
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalich, Anton, and Simon Nieland. 2023. "The Impact of Weather Conditions on Mode Choice in Different Spatial Areas" Future Transportation 3, no. 3: 1007-1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp3030056