Pancreatic Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
2.1. Genetic Predispositions and Inherited Susceptibility for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
2.1.1. Hereditary Cancer Syndrome
2.1.2. Hereditary Pancreatitis
2.1.3. Familial Pancreatic Cancer
2.2. Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
2.2.1. Smoking
2.2.2. Alcohol Consumption
2.2.3. Obesity and Physical Inactivity
2.2.4. Diabetes
2.2.5. Chronic Pancreatitis
2.2.6. Pesticide Exposure
2.3. Preneoplastic Pancreatic Lesions
3. Prevention
3.1. Lifestyle Changes
3.2. Screening and Imaging
3.3. Surveillance of Preneoplastic Pancreatic Lesions
3.4. Surveillance of High-Risk Individuals and Patients with Known Genetic Mutations
4. Current Therapeutic Strategies in PDAC
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Defective Gene | PDAC Risk Up to Age 70 | |
---|---|---|
| ||
Peutz–Jeghers syndrome | STK11 | 36% |
Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome | CDKN2A | 17% |
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer | BRCA1/2, PALB2 | 3–8% |
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer | MLH1, MSH2/6 | <5% |
Familial adenomatous polyposis | APC | <5% |
| PRSS1, SPINK1 | 40% |
Cystic fibrosis | CFTR | <5% |
| BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, CDKN2A, CHEK2 | >40% |
Risk Factor | Description | Risk Increase (RR = Relative Risk/ OR = Odds Ratio) |
---|---|---|
Smoking | Smoking is the most significant modifiable risk | RR = 2–3 |
Alcohol consumption | High alcohol intake contributes to chronic pancreatitis, a known precursor of pancreatic cancer | RR = 1.2–1.5 (heavy drinking), 3.5 in men |
Obesity | Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) is associated with increased risk, especially abdominal obesity | RR = 1.1–1.7 |
Diabetes | Both long-standing diabetes and new-onset diabetes increase the risk of pancreatic cancer | RR = 2.4–15 depending on the year after diabetes onset |
Chronic pancreatitis | Chronic inflammation, whether alcohol-related or hereditary, strongly increases the risk. | RR = 0.4–9 |
Exposure | Exposure to organic solvents and pesticides may increase the risk of cancer | OR = 0.9–1.4 |
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Mack, S.; Koessler, T.; Bichard, P.; Frossard, J.-L. Pancreatic Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Onco 2025, 5, 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/onco5030037
Mack S, Koessler T, Bichard P, Frossard J-L. Pancreatic Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Onco. 2025; 5(3):37. https://doi.org/10.3390/onco5030037
Chicago/Turabian StyleMack, Sahar, Thibaud Koessler, Philippe Bichard, and Jean-Louis Frossard. 2025. "Pancreatic Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention" Onco 5, no. 3: 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/onco5030037
APA StyleMack, S., Koessler, T., Bichard, P., & Frossard, J.-L. (2025). Pancreatic Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Onco, 5(3), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/onco5030037