Correlates of Bird Collection Compositions in Thai Zoos: Implications for Conservation and Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- The proportion of bird taxa would be similar to global collections;
- (2)
- The proportion of threatened and native species would be similar to global collections;
- (3)
- Larger-sized zoos located in provinces with a higher GDP and with higher ticket prices will influence the number of bird species and the proportion of threatened species on display;
- (4)
- The type of zoo (accredited, government and private) will impact collection composition (the proportion of non-native bird species, threatened species, species protected under Thai law and CITES-listed species).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Zoo Surveys
2.2. Bird Composition Variables
2.3. Zoo Characteristics
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Species Richness
3.2. Bird Composition Variables
3.3. Relationship between Zoo Characteristics and Bird Composition Variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Species Richness
4.2. Bird Composition Variables
4.3. Relationship between Zoo Characteristics and Bird Composition Variables
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Accredited (7) | Government (10) | Private (30) | Total (47) | Sig. Diff. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Province GDP | 2.61 ± 0.65 | 0.99 ± 0.24 | 6.53 ± 1.89 | 4.77 ± 1.25 | A, P > G |
Zoo size (Ha) | 399.52 ± 189.93 | 12.08 ± 5.44 | 57.51 ± 43.04 | 98.78 ± 42.06 | A > G, P |
Ticket price (USD) | 7.44 ± 3.10 | 0.46 ± 0.30 | 8.20 ± 1.52 | 6.44 ± 1.15 | A, P > G |
Total no. species | 113.14 ± 14.80 | 43.50 ± 4.03 | 30.63 ± 5.40 | 45.66 ± 5.88 | A, P > G |
Total no. bird species | 35.71 ± 3.29 | 23.20 ± 3.95 | 14.17 ± 2.93 | 19.30 ± 2.38 | A > G > P |
% of bird species | 33.49 ± 3.75 | 51.72 ± 6.22 | 45.03 ± 4.39 | 44.73 ± 3.20 | G > A |
% of threatened bird species | 27.05 ± 2.98 | 26.58 ± 6.38 | 29.24 ± 4.19 | 28.35 ± 2.99 | |
% of non-native bird species | 50.72 ± 4.93 | 29.83 ± 6.63 | 76.00 ± 5.38 | 62.41 ± 4.67 | P > A, G |
% of CITES-listed bird species | 53.11 ± 3.10 | 43.55 ± 3.28 | 74.92 ± 4.23 | 64.99 ± 3.43 | P > A, G |
% of protected bird species | 39.09 ± 5.45 | 53.94 ± 6.11 | 23.56 ± 5.99 | 32.34 ± 4.47 | G > A > P |
Species | % of Zoos (A: G: P) | IUCN Status | N/NN | Protected Status | CITE Appendix |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indian peafowl Pavo cristatus | 55 (100: 86: 43) | LC | NN | None | III |
Blue-and-yellow macaw Ara ararauna | 51 (71: 30: 53) | LC | NN | None | II |
Great hornbill Buceros bicornis | 43 (86: 80: 20) | VU | N | Protected | I |
Sun parakeet Aratinga solstitialis | 43 (71: 10: 47) | EN | NN | None | II |
Silver pheasant Lophura nycthemera | 40 (100: 70: 17) | LC | N | Protected | Not listed |
Rhinoceros hornbill Buceros rhinoceros | 38 (86: 60: 20) | VU | N | Protected | II |
Oriental pied hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris | 34 (71: 90: 7) | LC | N | Protected | II |
Red-and-green macaw Ara chloropterus | 34 (71: 20: 30) | LC | NN | None | II |
Wreathed hornbill Rhyticeros undulatus | 34 (71: 60: 17) | VU | N | Protected | II |
Golden pheasant Chrysolophus pictus | 32 (43: 50: 23) | LC | NN | None | Not listed |
African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus | 32 (57: 0: 37) | EN | NN | None | I |
Siamese fireback Lophura diardi | 32 (71: 60: 13) | LC | N | Protected | Not listed |
Nicobar pigeon Caloenas nicobarica | 30 (86: 40: 13) | NT | N | Protected | I |
Eclectus parrot Eclectus parrot | 30 (29: 20: 33) | LC | NN | None | II |
Southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius | 28 (57: 30: 20) | LC | NN | None | Not listed |
Grey-crowned crane Balearica regulorum | 28 (71: 10: 23) | EN | NN | None | II |
Salmon-crested cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis | 28 (29: 10: 33) | VU | NN | None | I |
Greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus | 28 (100: 10: 17) | LC | NN | None | Not listed |
Common emu Dromaius novaehollandiae | 28 (100: 0: 20) | LC | NN | None | Not listed |
Victoria crowned pigeon Goura victoria | 26 (57: 20: 20) | NT | NN | None | II |
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Fourage, A.; Nekaris, K.A.I.; Shepherd, C.R.; Nijman, V. Correlates of Bird Collection Compositions in Thai Zoos: Implications for Conservation and Management. Conservation 2024, 4, 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation4010004
Fourage A, Nekaris KAI, Shepherd CR, Nijman V. Correlates of Bird Collection Compositions in Thai Zoos: Implications for Conservation and Management. Conservation. 2024; 4(1):51-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation4010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleFourage, Anna, K.A.I. Nekaris, Chris R. Shepherd, and Vincent Nijman. 2024. "Correlates of Bird Collection Compositions in Thai Zoos: Implications for Conservation and Management" Conservation 4, no. 1: 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation4010004
APA StyleFourage, A., Nekaris, K. A. I., Shepherd, C. R., & Nijman, V. (2024). Correlates of Bird Collection Compositions in Thai Zoos: Implications for Conservation and Management. Conservation, 4(1), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation4010004