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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Morphology-Controlled Polyaniline Nanofibers via Rapid Polymerization for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance

by
Sami Ur Rahman
1,
Shehna Farooq
2,*,
Narasimharao Kitchamsetti
1,*,
Muhammad Sajid
3,
Salma Gul
4,
Fahad Farooq
5,
Muhammad Rafiq
1,
Irum Fatima
6 and
Humaira Razzaq
6
1
National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
2
Department of Chemistry, Women University Swabi, Swabi 23560, Pakistan
3
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
4
National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
5
Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur (AJK) 10250, Pakistan
6
Department of Chemistry, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanoenergy Adv. 2025, 5(3), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv5030011
Submission received: 5 June 2025 / Revised: 28 August 2025 / Accepted: 29 August 2025 / Published: 29 August 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers (NFs) were synthesized via two chemical oxidative polymerization approaches: a rapid mixing process and a conventional stirred tank method. PANI is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors due to its conductivity, stability, and pseudocapacitive redox behavior. The rapid mixing route proved especially effective, as fast polymerization promoted homogeneous nucleation and yielded thin, uniform, and interconnected NFs, whereas conventional stirring produced thicker, irregular fibers through heterogeneous nucleation. Structural characterization (FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD, XPS, TGA) confirmed that both samples retained the typical emeraldine form of PANI, but morphological analyses (SEM, BET) revealed that only the rapid process preserved nanofiber uniformity and porosity. This morphological control proved decisive for electrochemical behavior: symmetric supercapacitor devices fabricated from rapidly synthesized NFs delivered higher specific capacitances (378.8 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), improved rate capability, and superior cycling stability (90.33% retention after 3000 cycles) compared to devices based on conventionally prepared NFs. These findings demonstrate that rapid polymerization offers a simple and scalable route to morphology-engineered PANI electrodes with enhanced performance.
Keywords: PANI; stirred tank reactor; nanofibers; specific capacitance; supercapacitor PANI; stirred tank reactor; nanofibers; specific capacitance; supercapacitor

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rahman, S.U.; Farooq, S.; Kitchamsetti, N.; Sajid, M.; Gul, S.; Farooq, F.; Rafiq, M.; Fatima, I.; Razzaq, H. Morphology-Controlled Polyaniline Nanofibers via Rapid Polymerization for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance. Nanoenergy Adv. 2025, 5, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv5030011

AMA Style

Rahman SU, Farooq S, Kitchamsetti N, Sajid M, Gul S, Farooq F, Rafiq M, Fatima I, Razzaq H. Morphology-Controlled Polyaniline Nanofibers via Rapid Polymerization for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance. Nanoenergy Advances. 2025; 5(3):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv5030011

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rahman, Sami Ur, Shehna Farooq, Narasimharao Kitchamsetti, Muhammad Sajid, Salma Gul, Fahad Farooq, Muhammad Rafiq, Irum Fatima, and Humaira Razzaq. 2025. "Morphology-Controlled Polyaniline Nanofibers via Rapid Polymerization for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance" Nanoenergy Advances 5, no. 3: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv5030011

APA Style

Rahman, S. U., Farooq, S., Kitchamsetti, N., Sajid, M., Gul, S., Farooq, F., Rafiq, M., Fatima, I., & Razzaq, H. (2025). Morphology-Controlled Polyaniline Nanofibers via Rapid Polymerization for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance. Nanoenergy Advances, 5(3), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv5030011

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