Youth’s Social Environments: Associations with Mental Problems and Achievement of Developmental Milestones in Times of Crises
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Results
3.2. Main Analyses
3.2.1. Mental Problems
3.2.2. Developmental Milestones
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | M/% | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 19.87 | 2.40 | 16 | 24 |
Education level | 12.86 | 1.43 | 4 | 14 |
Gender (boy) | 26.6% | - | - | - |
Contact with household members | 2.18 | 0.62 | 1 | 3 |
Lack of privacy | 1.53 | 0.63 | 1 | 3 |
Living with a vulnerable other | 36.3% | - | - | - |
Contact with friends | 1.55 | 0.69 | 1 | 3 |
Neighbourhood risk index | 1.57 | 0.64 | 1 | 3 |
Low risk | 51.0% | |||
Moderate risk | 40.9% | |||
(Extremely) high risk | 8.2% | |||
Internalizing symptoms | 5.54 | 3.36 | 0 | 17 |
Externalizing symptoms | 5.32 | 2.94 | 0 | 16 |
Personal milestones | 9.28 | 5.62 | −16 | 21 |
School and professional milestones | 9.53 | 5.84 | −13 | 21 |
Social milestones | 11.48 | 5.00 | −8 | 21 |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Age | 1 | ||||||||||||
2 Education level | 0.60 * | 1 | |||||||||||
3 Gender (boy) | −0.10 | −0.16 * | 1 | ||||||||||
4 Contact with household members | −0.10 * | −0.09 | −0.02 | 1 | |||||||||
5 Vulnerable other | −0.24 * | −0.27 * | 0.00 | 0.05 | 1 | ||||||||
6 Lack of privacy | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.13 * | 0.22 * | 0.06 | 1 | |||||||
7 Contact with friends | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.09 | 1 | ||||||
8 Neighbourhood risk | 0.28 * | 0.23 * | −0.03 | −0.13 * | −0.14 * | −0.06 | 0.14 * | 1 | |||||
9 Internalizing problems | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.25 * | 0.16 * | 0.14 * | 0.22 * | 0.07 | −0.01 | 1 | ||||
10 Externalizing problems | −0.16 * | −0.19 * | 0.14 * | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.12 * | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.30 * | 1 | |||
11 Personal milestones | 0.14 * | 0.07 | 0.04 | −0.14 * | −0.11 * | −0.22 * | −0.07 | 0.03 | −0.44 * | −0.33 * | 1 | ||
12 School and professional milestones | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.08 | −0.12 * | −0.13 * | −0.14 * | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.35 * | −0.50 * | 0.55 * | 1 | |
13 Social milestones | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.03 | −0.09 | −0.07 | −0.12 * | −0.11 * | 0.03 | −0.41 * | −0.27 * | 0.48 * | 0.49 * | 1 |
Dependent Variable | Parameter | B | SE | p | 95% CI | η2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | |||||||
Internalizing problems | Contact with household members | 0.62 | 0.21 | 0.003 | −1.026 | −2.17 | 0.014 | |
Vulnerable other | 0.79 | 0.27 | 0.003 | −1.316 | −0.267 | 0.013 | ||
Lack of privacy | 0.85 | 0.20 | <0.001 | 0.451 | 1.245 | 0.026 | ||
Contact with friends | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.097 | −0.652 | 0.055 | 0.004 | ||
Neighbourhood risk | 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.156 | −0.233 | 1.446 | 0.003 | ||
Risk × Household members | −0.15 | 0.32 | 0.635 | −0.483 | 0.791 | 0.000 | ||
Risk × Vulnerable other | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.290 | −1.271 | 0.380 | 0.002 | ||
Risk × Lack of privacy | −0.30 | 0.33 | 0.356 | −0.949 | 0.341 | 0.001 | ||
Risk × Friends | −0.26 | 0.29 | 0.365 | −0.305 | 0.827 | 0.001 | ||
Externalizing problems | Contact with household members | −0.02 | 0.19 | 0.912 | −0.346 | 0.387 | 0.000 | |
Vulnerable other | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.425 | −0.669 | 0.282 | 0.001 | ||
Lack of privacy | 0.64 | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.283 | 1.003 | 0.018 | ||
Contact with friends | −0.12 | 0.16 | 0.462 | −0.200 | 0.440 | 0.001 | ||
Neighbourhood risk | −0.07 | 0.39 | 0.859 | −0.829 | 0.692 | 0.000 | ||
Risk × Household members | −0.30 | 0.29 | 0.309 | −0.278 | 0.876 | 0.002 | ||
Risk × Vulnerable other | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.399 | −1.070 | 0.427 | 0.001 | ||
Risk × Lack of privacy | 0.09 | 0.30 | 0.758 | −0.493 | 0.676 | 0.000 | ||
Risk × Friends | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.245 | −0.817 | 0.209 | 0.002 | ||
Personal milestones | Contact with household members | −0.72 | 0.36 | 0.042 | 0.025 | 1.418 | 0.006 | |
Vulnerable other | −0.88 | 0.46 | 0.056 | −0.024 | 1.783 | 0.006 | ||
Lack of privacy | −1.71 | 0.35 | <0.001 | −2.397 | −1.029 | 0.035 | ||
Contact with friends | −0.52 | 0.31 | 0.091 | −0.084 | 1.132 | 0.004 | ||
Neighbourhood risk | −0.81 | 0.74 | 0.271 | −2.256 | 0.634 | 0.002 | ||
Risk × Household members | 0.15 | 0.56 | 0.787 | −1.247 | 0.945 | 0.000 | ||
Risk × Vulnerable other | −1.00 | 0.72 | 0.169 | −0.425 | 2.417 | 0.003 | ||
Risk × Lack of privacy | −0.05 | 0.57 | 0.926 | −1.163 | 1.058 | 0.000 | ||
Risk × Friends | 0.01 | 0.50 | 0.989 | −0.981 | 0.968 | 0.000 | ||
School and professional milestones | Contact with household members | −0.65 | 0.37 | 0.080 | −0.078 | 1.378 | 0.005 | |
Vulnerable other | −1.44 | 0.48 | 0.003 | 0.495 | 2.384 | 0.013 | ||
Lack of privacy | −1.18 | 0.36 | 0.001 | −1.898 | −0.469 | 0.016 | ||
Contact with friends | −0.26 | 0.32 | 0.425 | −0.377 | 0.894 | 0.001 | ||
Neighbourhood risk | −1.07 | 0.77 | 0.167 | −2.575 | 0.446 | 0.003 | ||
Risk × Household members | 0.28 | 0.58 | 0.635 | −1.423 | 0.868 | 0.000 | ||
Risk × Vulnerable other | −2.77 | 0.76 | <0.001 | 1.284 | 4.255 | 0.020 | ||
Risk × Lack of privacy | 0.94 | 0.59 | 0.113 | −0.223 | 2.099 | 0.004 | ||
Risk × Friends | −0.75 | 0.52 | 0.150 | −0.271 | 1.766 | 0.003 | ||
Social milestones | Contact with household members | −0.51 | 0.32 | 0.114 | −0.124 | 1.147 | 0.004 | |
Vulnerable other | −0.62 | 0.42 | 0.141 | −0.206 | 1.442 | 0.003 | ||
Lack of privacy | −0.75 | 0.32 | 0.019 | −1.369 | −0.122 | 0.008 | ||
Contact with friends | −0.73 | 0.28 | 0.010 | 0.172 | 1.281 | 0.010 | ||
Neighbourhood risk | −0.77 | 0.67 | 0.252 | −2.087 | 0.540 | 0.002 | ||
Risk × Household members | −0.06 | 0.51 | 0.905 | −0.939 | 1.060 | 0.000 | ||
Risk × Vulnerable other | −0.89 | 0.66 | 0.181 | −0.411 | 2.181 | 0.003 | ||
Risk × Lack of privacy | −0.02 | 0.52 | 0.962 | −1.037 | 0.988 | 0.000 | ||
Risk × Friends | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.345 | −1.317 | 0.461 | 0.001 |
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van Est-Bitincka, L.A.C.; Schuiringa, H.D.; van der Heijden, P.T.; van Aken, M.A.G.; Laceulle, O.M. Youth’s Social Environments: Associations with Mental Problems and Achievement of Developmental Milestones in Times of Crises. Adolescents 2023, 3, 366-381. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3020025
van Est-Bitincka LAC, Schuiringa HD, van der Heijden PT, van Aken MAG, Laceulle OM. Youth’s Social Environments: Associations with Mental Problems and Achievement of Developmental Milestones in Times of Crises. Adolescents. 2023; 3(2):366-381. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3020025
Chicago/Turabian Stylevan Est-Bitincka, Leanne A. C., Hilde D. Schuiringa, Paul T. van der Heijden, Marcel A. G. van Aken, and Odilia M. Laceulle. 2023. "Youth’s Social Environments: Associations with Mental Problems and Achievement of Developmental Milestones in Times of Crises" Adolescents 3, no. 2: 366-381. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3020025