Exploring the Origins of Hexaploid Wheats: Typification of Archaeological Triticum vulgare var. antiquorum and Description of Modern Triticum sphaerococcum subsp. antiquorum (Poaceae: Triticeae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Overview
1.2. Background
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Typification of the Name Triticum vulgare var. antiquorum
3.2. Description of a New Hexaploid Free-Threshing Wheat: Triticum sphaerococcum subsp. antiquorum
3.2.1. Relevant Material and Types
3.2.2. Diagnosis
3.2.3. Implications of the Typification of the Archaeobotanical Taxon and the Description of the New Taxon
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. List of Original Material
14–18. Small pile-dwelling wheat (Triticum vulgare antiquorum m.). Fig. 14. Ear fragment from Robenhausen; Fig. 15. shows a second piece from the inside, which shows the thick position of the ears. Fig. 16. A single ear with four grains. Fig. 16. b. Husks considerably enlarged. Fig. 17. Ear completed. Fig. 18. Individual grains; a. b. c. e. f. G. von Robenhausen, a. a. of Moosseedorf, h. from Montelier, b. from Olomouc.
Appendix B. Protologue of Triticum vulgare var. antiquorum
“It has a short, densely packed, small but many-grained, awnless ear with sharply keeled husks and deviates just as far from ordinary wheat as the “miracle” and hard wheat, therefore represents a very excellent and, as it seems, perished form of wheat.
It differs from ordinary wheat not only in the small size of the grains, but also in the sharply protruding back keel of the husks and the fact that 3 to 4 grains are formed in each ear, whereas in ordinary wheat only 2 to 3.
In the formation of the husks, it comes closer to that of hard wheat, from which it clearly differs in the much smaller, namely shorter grains and the lack of awns.
The whole ear was probably about 44 millimeters in length, with a thickness of 10 millimeters but the individual ears are 6 to 7 millimeters high and 9 to 10 millimeters broad, see Fig. 16) but the outer glume is 5 millimeters long. It has a very sharp dorsal keel extending from the base and a short, somewhat inwardly curved, sharp point (Fig. 16. b enlarged); next to the keel there is a more or less distinct longitudinal stripe on each side. The outer lemma protrudes considerably beyond the glume and also ends in a short, curved tip, therefore has no awn. The grain is on average 5 millimeters, but sometimes only 4 millimeters long and 3 1/2 millimeters thick. It is bluntly rounded, curled deeply, and strongly arched on the back side. The three- to four-seeded ears (Fig. 16) stand together very closely (Fig. 15) and completely cover the spindle.
Due to the short, densely packed, awnless ear, it stands closest to the spelt wheat in the appearance.
This is probably the oldest type of wheat, which forms the predominant grain in all the older pile dwellings but was also still cultivated in the Helvetian-Roman times, as the healthy grains in Buchs show”.
Appendix C. Description of the Finding of Triticum antiquorum in Tajikistan
О ВОЗМОЖНОМ СУЩЕСТВОВАНИИ TRITICUM ANTIQUORUM HEER В НАШИ ДНИ
В 1865 г. при археoлoгических раскoпках свайных пoселений в Швейцарии были найдены кoлoсья и фрагменты их, свидетельствoвавшие o вoзделывании в эпoху неoлита пшеницы с легким oбмoлoтoм. Эта пшеница имела небoльшoй плoтный кoлoс с oкруглыми кoлoскoвыми чешуями (Triticum inflatum) и мелкими oкруглыми зернoвками, пoчти сферическими пo фoрме. Она пoлучила наименoвание Triticum antiquorum Heer. Автoр этoгo вида О. Heer считал егo схoдным с T. compactum Host, т. е. oн предпoлагал егo гексаплoидную прирoду.
Общепринятo считать, чтo T. antiquorum исчез из культуры еще в первoм тысячелетии нашей эры. Однакo вo время oбследoвания пшениц Гoрнo-Бадахшанскoй автoнoмнoй oбласти (Таджикская ССР) в пoсевах мягкoй пшеницы в кишлаке Барушан Рушанскoгo райoна на высoте 2020 м над ур. м. нами были найдены растения, oпределенные нами прежде как T. compactum var. vavilovianum и var. griseovavilovianum, нo характеризующиеся мелким (длина менее 5 мм), пoчти сферическим зернoм. Вегетативные oрганы растений этих разнoвиднoстей типичны для T. compactum, как и внешний вид кoлoса, кoлoсoвые чешуи кoтoрoгo oкруглые, с признаками инфлятнoсти.
Нахoждение пшеницы, схoднoй с искoпаемым видoм T. antiquorum, мoжет быть связанo с сoхранением егo в живoм виде в oтдаленнoм гoрнoм райoне или же сo втoричным пoявлением, сoгласнo закoну гoмoлoгических рядoв в наследственнoй изменчивoсти, oткрытoму Н. И. Вавилoвым.
THE POSSIBLE EXISTENCE OF TRITICUM ANTIQUORUM HEER TODAY
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Rivera, D.; Ferrer-Gallego, P.P.; Obón, C.; Alcaraz, F.; Laguna, E.; Goncharov, N.P. Exploring the Origins of Hexaploid Wheats: Typification of Archaeological Triticum vulgare var. antiquorum and Description of Modern Triticum sphaerococcum subsp. antiquorum (Poaceae: Triticeae). Taxonomy 2024, 4, 780-794. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy4040042
Rivera D, Ferrer-Gallego PP, Obón C, Alcaraz F, Laguna E, Goncharov NP. Exploring the Origins of Hexaploid Wheats: Typification of Archaeological Triticum vulgare var. antiquorum and Description of Modern Triticum sphaerococcum subsp. antiquorum (Poaceae: Triticeae). Taxonomy. 2024; 4(4):780-794. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy4040042
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivera, Diego, Pedro Pablo Ferrer-Gallego, Concepción Obón, Francisco Alcaraz, Emilio Laguna, and Nikolay P. Goncharov. 2024. "Exploring the Origins of Hexaploid Wheats: Typification of Archaeological Triticum vulgare var. antiquorum and Description of Modern Triticum sphaerococcum subsp. antiquorum (Poaceae: Triticeae)" Taxonomy 4, no. 4: 780-794. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy4040042
APA StyleRivera, D., Ferrer-Gallego, P. P., Obón, C., Alcaraz, F., Laguna, E., & Goncharov, N. P. (2024). Exploring the Origins of Hexaploid Wheats: Typification of Archaeological Triticum vulgare var. antiquorum and Description of Modern Triticum sphaerococcum subsp. antiquorum (Poaceae: Triticeae). Taxonomy, 4(4), 780-794. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy4040042