Battlefield Tourism: Exploring the Successful Marriage of History and Unforgettable Experiences: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Discussion, Challenges, and Opportunities for Battlefield Tourism
3.1. Economic Impact
3.2. Visitor Expectations
3.3. Best Practices
3.4. Challenges
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item Type | Year | Author | Title | Publication Title | Keywords | Key Issue |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bookSection | 2009 | Baldwin, F.; Sharpley, R. | Battlefield tourism: Bringing organised violence back to life | The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism | - | Exploring the diverse motivations, economic impact, cultural preservation, best practices, and challenges of battlefield tourism. |
journalArticle | 2018 | Brown, L.; Ibarra, K.A. | Commemoration and the expression of political identity | Tourism management | Tourism, political identity, Spanish Civil War, memorials, narrative inquiry | Tourism and political identity at Spanish Civil War memorials |
book | 2012 | Chambers, T.A. | Memories of war: Visiting battlegrounds and bonefields in the early American republic | - | Americans’ interest in historic battlefields and the cultural work required to construct memory and preserve them. | |
journalArticle | 2013 | Cheal, F.; Griffin, T. | Pilgrims and patriots: Australian tourist experiences at Gallipoli | International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research | Tourism, Heritage, Warfare, Turkey, Battlefield tourism, Dark tourism, Pilgrimage, Tourism and national identity, Interpretation, Heritage site management | Australian tourist experience on the Gallipoli battlefield site. |
journalArticle | 2019 | Chen, C.M.; Tsai, T.H. | Tourist motivations in relation to a battlefield: a case study of Kinmen | Tourism geographies | Kinmen; motivation; battlefield tourism; dark tourism; ANOVA analysis; demographic differences | Tourist motivations at the Kinmen Island battlefield site. |
journalArticle | 2020 | Chylińska, D. | “Nameless landscapes”—what can be seen and understood on a battlefield? | Tourism Geographies | Battlefield space; battlefield landscape; battlefield tourism; interpretation; Racławice battlefield | Giving voice to historical landscapes in battlefield tourism. |
bookSection | 2007 | Cooper, M. | Postcolonial representations of Japanese military heritage: Political and social aspects of battlefield tourism in the Pacific and East Asia | Battlefield Tourism: History, Place and Interpretation | - | Japanese attitudes towards Asia-Pacific battlefield tourism, and how Japan presents its military and colonial heritage to its own people and the world |
journalArticle | 2011 | Daugbjerg, M. | Not mentioning the nation: Banalities and boundaries at a Danish war heritage site | History and Anthropology | Battlefield Tourism; Banal Nationalism; Cosmopolitanism; Denmark; Dybbøl | Silencing the nation at the Danish field of Dybbøl. |
journalArticle | 2011 | Dunkley, R.; Morgan, N.; Westwood, S. | Visiting the trenches: Exploring meanings and motivations in battlefield tourism | Tourism Management | Battlefield and warfare tourism Thanatourism Dark tourism Tourist motivations and experiences | Tourist experiences and motivations in World War One battlefield tours. |
journalArticle | 2018 | Ekin, Y; Akbulut, O. | Battlefield tourism: an examination of events held by European institutions and their websites related to battlefields | International journal of contemporary economics and administrative sciences | Heritage tourism, Thanatourism, Dark tourism, Battlefields, Battlefield Tourism | Tourism movements for battlefields throughout history. |
journalArticle | 2004 | Gatewood, J.B.; Cameron, C.M. | Battlefield pilgrims at Gettysburg National Military Park | Ethnology | - | The emotional significance of the Gettysburg battlefield for visitors. |
journalArticle | 2005 | Holguin, S. | “National Spain invites you”: Battlefield tourism during the Spanish Civil War | American historical review | - | The Rutas Nacionales de Guerra during the Spanish Civil War as an example of battlefield tourism and the redefinition of national identity. |
journalArticle | 2011 | Hyde, K.F.; Harman, S. | Motives for a secular pilgrimage to the Gallipoli battlefields | Tourism management | Pilgrimage Tourist motivation Battlefield tourism | Motives for secular pilgrimage: the case of Gallipoli battlefield site. |
journalArticle | 2016 | Kuo, N.-T.; Chang, K.-C.; Cheng, Y.-S.; Lin, J.-C. | Effects of Tour Guide Interpretation and Tourist Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty in Taiwan’s Kinmen Battlefield Tourism: Perceived Playfulness and Perceived Flow as Moderators | Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing | Effectiveness of interpretation, perceived playfulness, tourist satisfaction, perceived flow, destination loyalty | Interpretation by tour guides affects tourist satisfaction and subsequently influences destination loyalty for tourists visiting Kinmen battlefields in Taiwan. |
journalArticle | 2011 | Le, D.T.T.; Pearce, D.G. | Segmenting Visitors to Battlefield Sites: International Visitors to The Former Demilitarized Zone in Vietnam | Journal of travel & tourism marketing | Battlefield tourism, Vietnam, market segmentation, motivation, factor analysis, cluster analysis | The article explores the demand-side patterns of battlefield tourism in Vietnam, identifying three visitor segments, battlefield tourism enthusiasts, opportunists, and passive tourists, based on their motivations, and emphasises the need to contextualise site visits within broader travel behaviour. |
journalArticle | 2016 | Lee, Y.J. | The Relationships Amongst Emotional Experience, Cognition, and Behavioural Intention in Battlefield Tourism | Asia Pacific journal of tourism research | dark tourism, curiosity, historical cognition, spatial cognition, nostalgia | Relationships between emotional experience, cognition, and behavioural intention in battlefield tourism |
journalArticle | 2013 | Lemelin, R.H.; Whyte, K.P.; Johansen, K.; Desbiolles, F.H.; Wilson, C.; Hemming, S. | Conflicts, battlefields, indigenous peoples and tourism: Addressing dissonant heritage in warfare tourism in Australia and North America in the twenty-first century | International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research | Tourism, Warfare, Heritage, Australia, Canada, United States of America, Emotional dissonance, Dark tourism, Warfare tourism, Indigenous peoples, Content analysis, Battlefield tourism | Efforts made by certain sites to address dissonant heritage through collaborative management strategies and culturally sensitive interpretation approaches |
journalArticle | 2016 | Lemelin, R.H.; Shruiff, S.; Sampson, C.; Anderson, C.; Anderson, S.; Danahy, J.; Kolasa, Z.; Vantil, K.; Plows, M.; Smith, S.; MacDougall, W. | Videography and student engagement: The potentials of battlefield tourism | Historical encounters, a journal of historical consciousness, historical cultures and history education | Battlefield tourism Canadian National Vimy Memorial Dissonant heritage First World War centennial Management War memorials | Strategies for improving future management through engagement with tourism researchers, new technologies, and addressing dissonant heritage |
book | 1998 | Lloyd, D.W. | Battlefield tourism. Pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada 1919–1939 | Battlefield tourism. Pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada 1919–1939 | - | How Australians and Canadians commemorated the First World War through exhibitions, battlefield pilgrimages, and the establishment of war memorials |
journalArticle | 2019 | McDonald, K. | War, Firsthand, at a Distance: Battlefield Tourism and Conflicts of Memory in the Multiethnic Japanese Empire | Japan Review | tour guides, collective memory, colonialism, nationalism, 203Meter Hill, Manchuria, Russo-Japanese War, Kim Kyo-sin, Japan, Korea | Perspectives of Japanese and Korean travellers from the first student tours in 1906 to the late 1930s, highlighting the site’s role in producing both Japanese and Korean national identities. |
journalArticle | 2014 | Melstrom, R.T. | Valuing historic battlefields: an application of the travel cost method to three American Civil War battlefields | Journal of cultural economics | Historic battlefields Battlefield tourism Travel cost method National parks Cultural heritage | Individual demand models for three historic battlefield sites |
bookSection | 2013 | Miles, S. | From Hastings to the Ypres salient: Battlefield tourism and the interpretation of fields of conflict | Tourism and War | - | Effectiveness and challenges of interpretation |
journalArticle | 2022 | Noivo, M.A.; Dias, A.L.; Jimenez-Caballero, J.L. | Connecting the dots between battlefield tourism and creative tourism: the case of the Peninsular War in Portugal | Journal of heritage tourism | Battlefield tourism creative tourism Napoleonic military tourism historical re-enactments Peninsular Wars | Intersection between battlefield tourism and creative tourism |
bookSection | 2017 | Pennell, C. | ‘To leave a wooden poppy cross of our own’: First World War Battlefield Spaces in the era of post- living memory | Commemorative Spaces of the First World War: Historical Geographies at the Centenary | Youth, battlefield tourism, First World War, centenary, education, remembrance | The UK government’s effort to engage young people in the history of the First World War through battlefield tourism |
bookSection | 2007 | Prideaux, B. | Echoes of war: Battlefield tourism | Battlefield Tourism: History, Place and Interpretation | - | The evolving nature of warfare and its impact on tourism has led to the expansion of the battlefield concept |
journalArticle | 2018 | Roca, R.S.; Torruella, M.F.; Wilson, A.E.; Valle, G.S.; Pongiluppi, M.H. | La The Battle of Fatarella, 1938. Museography, iconography, recreation, and memory. A transversal model of didactic research | Ebre 38 | Battle of the Ebro, Museography, Iconography, Recreation, Memory | Interdisciplinary study of the battle of Raïmats with a focus on didactic approaches and memory |
journalArticle | 2000 | Seaton, A.V. | “Another Weekend Away Looking for Dead Bodies…”: Battlefield Tourism on the Somme and in Flanders | Tourism Recreation Research | - | Tourism effects of the First World War |
journalArticle | 2018 | Upton, A.; Schänzel, H.; Lück, M. | Reflections of battlefield tourist experiences associated with Vietnam War sites: an analysis of travel blogs | Journal of Heritage Tourism | dark tourism, battlefield tourism, Vietnam War, tourist experience, mortality mediation, life affirmation, meaning of life, interpretation. | Reflexions of battlefield tourists in Vietnam |
bookSection | 2018 | Vanneste, D.; Winter, C. | First World War battlefield tourism: Journeys out of the dark and into the light | The Palgrave Handbook of Dark Tourism Studies | Taboos as part of the mediation processes in societies | |
journalArticle | 2010 | Zhang, J.J. | Brand(ing) Kinmen: A tourism perspective | International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business | island branding; battlefield tourism; local entrepreneur; tourism planning; landscape identity; place experience; post-Cold War Taiwan; Kinmen (Quemoy).- | Branding of Kinmen Island, Taiwan, as a battlefield tourism destination |
journalArticle | 2010 | Zhang, J.J. | Of Kaoliang, Bullets, and Knives: Local Entrepreneurs and the Battlefield Tourism Enterprise in Kinmen (Quemoy), Taiwan | Tourism geographies | Battlefield tourism, local entrepreneurs, practices of signification, landscape identity, post-Cold War Taiwan, Kinmen (Quemoy) | Role of local entrepreneurs in branding a battlefield tourism destination |
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García-Madurga, M.-Á.; Grilló-Méndez, A.-J. Battlefield Tourism: Exploring the Successful Marriage of History and Unforgettable Experiences: A Systematic Review. Tour. Hosp. 2023, 4, 307-320. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp4020019
García-Madurga M-Á, Grilló-Méndez A-J. Battlefield Tourism: Exploring the Successful Marriage of History and Unforgettable Experiences: A Systematic Review. Tourism and Hospitality. 2023; 4(2):307-320. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp4020019
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Madurga, Miguel-Ángel, and Ana-Julia Grilló-Méndez. 2023. "Battlefield Tourism: Exploring the Successful Marriage of History and Unforgettable Experiences: A Systematic Review" Tourism and Hospitality 4, no. 2: 307-320. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp4020019
APA StyleGarcía-Madurga, M. -Á., & Grilló-Méndez, A. -J. (2023). Battlefield Tourism: Exploring the Successful Marriage of History and Unforgettable Experiences: A Systematic Review. Tourism and Hospitality, 4(2), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp4020019