Seasonal and Daily Activity of Two Zoo-Housed Grizzly Bears (Ursus arctos horribilis)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Brown Bears in the Wild
1.2. Brown Bears in Zoos
Welfare Assessment and Stereotypies
1.3. Study Purpose
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Setting
2.2. Materials
2.3. Data Collection and Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Seasonal Activity
4.2. Daily Activity
4.3. Captive Grizzly Bear Activity Concluded
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Behavioral Class and Behaviors (Abbreviations) | Definition |
---|---|
Active | |
Standing (St) | Standing with no movement, 3 or 4 paws on the ground. |
Rearing (Re) | Standing up on back legs with stomach exposed. |
Locomotion (Lo) | Directed non-repetitive movement. |
Manipulating object (Ma) | Contact with a non-edible object, with any part of the body manipulating its position. |
Forage | |
Eating (Ea) | Mouth contact with anything edible, including water. |
Enriched Feeding (EF) | Manipulating an enrichment device with food in it. |
Social | |
Interacting w/another bear (IOB) | Any gesture to another bear without vocalization. |
Vocalization (Vo) | Vocalization; must occur while oriented to another bear. |
Groom | |
Licking body/Paws (LB) | Tongue contact with any part of the body, including paws. |
Scratching Body (SB) | Using paws, mouth or non-mobile object to rub/scratch. |
Inactive | |
Sitting (Si) | Posterior and back legs on the ground in an upright position. |
Lying down (LD) | Most of the bear on the ground. |
Stereotypy | |
Pacing (Pa) | Moving in a repetitive pattern, with completion from point A to B and back to point A, (must include at least one full A-B-A movement) or circling. |
Rocking (Ro) | Moving back and forth without locomotion. Must include at least one full back-and-forth motion. |
Other | |
Urinating or Defecating (UD) | Urination or defecation. |
Out of sight (OS) | Not visible to the observer. |
Other (Ot) | Engaged in a behavior not listed above. |
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Fernandez, E.J.; Yoakum, E.; Andrews, N. Seasonal and Daily Activity of Two Zoo-Housed Grizzly Bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2020, 1, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg1010001
Fernandez EJ, Yoakum E, Andrews N. Seasonal and Daily Activity of Two Zoo-Housed Grizzly Bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens. 2020; 1(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg1010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernandez, Eduardo J., Ellen Yoakum, and Nathan Andrews. 2020. "Seasonal and Daily Activity of Two Zoo-Housed Grizzly Bears (Ursus arctos horribilis)" Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 1, no. 1: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg1010001