Systematic Review on Automation of Central Tire Inflation System Based on Terrain Conditions †
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis Methods
3. Results
3.1. Effectiveness of CTIS
3.2. Terrain Recognition and Classification
3.3. System Design and Framework, Developmental Procedures, and Test Results
3.4. Tire Pressure and Terrain Relationships
4. Discussion
4.1. Benefits and Effectiveness of CTIS
4.2. Terrain Recognition Model
4.3. Intelligent CTIS Operational Workflow and Design
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Birkland, C. It’s in the Air: Managing and Maintaining Tires to Increase Service Life. Fleed Equipment. 14 December 2017. Available online: https://www.fleetequipmentmag.com/managing-maintaining-truck-tires-increase-service-life/ (accessed on 11 January 2023).
- Obringer, L.A. How Self-Inflating Tires Work. How Stuff Works. 9 February 2021. Available online: https://auto.howstuffworks.com/self-inflating-tire2.htm (accessed on 11 January 2023).
- d’Ambrosio, S.; Mameli, E.F.; Vitolo, R. Impact assessment of an intelligent central tire inflation system for passenger cars. In Proceedings of the 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018, Vienna, Austria, 16–19 April 2018; pp. 16–19. [Google Scholar]
- Kang, D.; Lee, M.C.; Cho, S.; Shin, Y. Experimental Study on Mobility of a Vehicle with CTIS in Soft Soil. Int. J. Automot. Technol. 2014, 15, 71–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Juselius, T.S. Investigation of the Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact of Central Tire Inflation Systems for Commercial Vehicles Focusing on Agriculture and Forestry. 14 December 2020. Available online: https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/97528 (accessed on 11 January 2023).
- Fortune Business Insights. Central Tire Inflation Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis By Type (Central Tire Inflation System, Continuous Tire Inflation System), By Component (Rotary Union, Compressor, Pressure Sensor, Housing, Air Delivery System, ECU, Buffer Tank), By Vehicle (On-Highway Vehicle, Off-Highway Vehicle, Electric Vehicle) And Regional Forecast, 2025–2032. Fortune Business Insights. 2021. Available online: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/central-tire-inflation-market-105604 (accessed on 11 January 2023).
- Markets and Markets. Automatic Tire Inflation System Market by Type (Central, Continuous), On-Highway Vehicle (LDV, HDV), Off-Highway (Agriculture, Construction), EV (BEV, PHEV, FCEV), Sales Channel (OEM, Aftermarket), Component & Region—Global Forecast to 2027. Markets and Markets. March 2020. Available online: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/automatic-tire-inflation-system-market-52126096.html (accessed on 11 January 2023).
- Cision PR Newswire. Automatic Tire Inflation System Market Is Expected to Display a Steady Growth by 2028|CAGR: 13%|UnivDatos Market Insights. Cision PR Newswire. 12 October 2022. Available online: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/automatic-tire-inflation-system-market-is-expected-to-display-a-steady-growth-by-2028cagr-13-univdatos-market-insights-301647184.html (accessed on 11 January 2023).
- d’Ambrosio, S.; Mattei, E.D.; Vitolo, R.; Amati, N. Automatic adjustment of tire inflation pressure through an intelligent CTIS: Effects on the vehicle lateral dynamic behavior. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2021, 235, 3487–3508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diwakar, S. Automatic Tyre Pressure Inflation System. Int. J. Progress. Res. Sci. Eng. 2020, 1, 219–221. [Google Scholar]
- Dewey, A.; Drahota, A. Introduction to Systematic Reviews: Online Learning Module. Cochrane Training. 2016. Available online: https://training.cochrane.org/interactivelearning/module-1-introduction-conducting-systematic-reviews (accessed on 5 May 2023).
- d’Ambrosio, S.; Vitolo, R. Potential impact of active tire pressure management on fuel consumption reduction in passenger vehicles. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2018, 233, 961–975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szczucka-Lasota, B.; Kamińska, J.; Krzyżewska, I. Influence of tire pressure on fuel consumption in trucks with installed tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS). Sci. J. Silesian Univ. Technol. Ser. Transp. 2019, 103, 167–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kozlowski, P.; Walas, K. Deep Neural Networks for Terrain Recognition Task. In Proceedings of the Baltic URSI Symposium, Poznan, Poland, Baltic. 15–17 May 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Lunsaeter, S.F.; Iwashita, Y.; Stoica, A.; Torreson, J. Terrain Classification from an Aerial Perspective. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Toronto, ON, Canada, 11–14 October 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Nguyen, N.-H.; Woo, D.-M.; Kim, S.; Park, M.-K. Terrain segmentation of high resolution satellite images using multi-class AdaBoost algorithm. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Computation, Xiamen, China, 19–21 August 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Song, P.; Ma, X.; Li, X.; Li, Y. Deep Residual Texture Network for Terrain Recognition. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 90152–90161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dilwale, S.; Anvekar, O.; Daware, A.; Bhavad, V.; Bagal, S.; Shelar, P. Design and Development of Centralized Tyre Pressure System. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2018, 5, 2138–2146. [Google Scholar]
- Burase, I.; Kamble, S.; Patil, A.; Kharat, A. A Survey on Automatic Air Inflating System. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. 2016, 5, 18517–18523. [Google Scholar]
- Ghag, P. Automatic Tire Inflation System. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2022, 9, 107–111. [Google Scholar]
- Maclaurin, B. High Speed Off-Road Vehicles; Wiley Professional, Reference & Trade (Wiley K&L): Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Parczewski, K. Impact of tire inflation pressure during overcoming of road unevenness. In Proceedings of the 21st International Scientific Conference Transport Means 2017, Juodkrantė, Lithuania, 20–22 September 2017. [Google Scholar]
Model | Accuracy | Precision | Recall | F1-Score |
---|---|---|---|---|
ResNet-18 | 0.9533 | 0.9536 | 0.9533 | 0.9534 |
ResNet-50 | 0.9200 | 0.9216 | 0.9200 | 0.9200 |
VGG16 | 0.9133 | 0.9130 | 0.9133 | 0.9130 |
VGG19 | 0.9333 | 0.9338 | 0.9333 | 0.9332 |
DenseNet | 0.9267 | 0.9302 | 0.9267 | 0.9264 |
Exception | 0.9500 | 0.9507 | 0.9500 | 0.9501 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ledesma, C.L.C.; Tablizo, C.J.I.; Tabanao, M.B.; Salcedo, E.A.; Requillo, E.G.T.; Cruz, J.P.T. Systematic Review on Automation of Central Tire Inflation System Based on Terrain Conditions. Eng. Proc. 2025, 92, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025092067
Ledesma CLC, Tablizo CJI, Tabanao MB, Salcedo EA, Requillo EGT, Cruz JPT. Systematic Review on Automation of Central Tire Inflation System Based on Terrain Conditions. Engineering Proceedings. 2025; 92(1):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025092067
Chicago/Turabian StyleLedesma, Carl Luis C., Charlothe John I. Tablizo, Marites B. Tabanao, Emmanuel A. Salcedo, Emmy Grace T. Requillo, and John Paul T. Cruz. 2025. "Systematic Review on Automation of Central Tire Inflation System Based on Terrain Conditions" Engineering Proceedings 92, no. 1: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025092067
APA StyleLedesma, C. L. C., Tablizo, C. J. I., Tabanao, M. B., Salcedo, E. A., Requillo, E. G. T., & Cruz, J. P. T. (2025). Systematic Review on Automation of Central Tire Inflation System Based on Terrain Conditions. Engineering Proceedings, 92(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025092067