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Review

Screening and Treating Disordered Eating in Weight Loss Surgery: A Rapid Review of Current Practices and Future Directions

by
Colby Price
1,2,
Kaela Fraser
1,3,
Sara Bartel
1,
Michael Vallis
4,
Ahmed Jad
1,5 and
Aaron Keshen
1,2,*
1
Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS B3S 0H6, Canada
2
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
3
Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
4
Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
5
Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020019
Submission received: 21 January 2025 / Revised: 18 February 2025 / Accepted: 19 March 2025 / Published: 24 March 2025
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Disordered eating, such as binge-eating and loss of control eating (LOCE), contribute to suboptimal weight loss and weight regain in some patients who undergo weight loss surgery (WLS). Despite robust evidence linking disordered eating and poor WLS outcomes, there is no consensus on standardized screening and treatment practices for this population. To address this gap, our team conducted a literature review using Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL, focusing on studies examining screening and treatment of disordered eating in WLS populations. Our review identified key findings related to (a) screening and diagnostic tools, including semi-structured interviews and self-report measures, and (b) psychotherapeutic interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and other modalities. Findings are inconclusive but suggest avenues for future research examining the routine implementation of post-WLS screening and treatment protocols (including adjunctive pharmacotherapy) for disordered eating.

1. Introduction

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by abnormal or excess adipose tissue (body fat) that impairs health. In Canada, 30% of adults meet obesity criteria, defined as a body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2. Prevalence has increased over the past two decades, with similar increases mirrored worldwide [1]. Obesity is associated with numerous chronic medical conditions, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension [2,3]. In addition to its impact on physical health, obesity is linked with psychiatric disorders, including higher rates of anxiety and depression, which reduce an individual’s overall quality of life [4]. In sum, obesity is recognized as a serious medical condition that requires prevention interventions and longitudinal, comprehensive treatment.
For individuals with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, or a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 with metabolic disease, bariatric or weight loss surgery (WLS) is a recommended treatment due to its effectiveness in improving health outcomes [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Systematic reviews have shown that WLS leads to an average excess weight loss (EWL) of 61.2%, along with improvements or resolution of comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension [5]. According to a 2014 Health Canada report, 6525 WLS procedures were performed nationwide, a significant increase from rates in 2006 [6]. Despite its potential benefits, a significant proportion of WLS patients experience suboptimal weight loss or weight regain. Longitudinal studies show that approximately 25% of patients fail to maintain at least 20% weight loss at long-term follow-ups, and approximately 49% experience weight regain after surgery [7,8,9]. Additionally, weight regain is often accompanied by a relapse of diabetes and hypertension, reductions in quality of life, and increased rates of anxiety and depression [10,11].
Given the complex causes of obesity, post-WLS weight outcomes are likely influenced by multiple factors. Among these, comorbid eating disorders and disordered eating (i.e., symptoms of formal eating disorders) significantly contribute to poor weight loss outcomes [12,13]. Disordered eating behaviors, such as binge-eating and loss of control eating (LOCE), are characterized by a sensation of “losing control” while eating, with binge-eating also requiring an abnormally large amount of food to be eaten. These behaviors, along with others, like picking/nibbling (P/N) or the repetitive, unplanned eating of small quantities of food, interfere with dietary adherence and weight loss post-WLS [13]. Disordered eating is common, occurring in 25–39% of WLS patients, and is a robust predictor of suboptimal weight outcomes [14,15]. Beyond weight, these behaviors negatively impact patient well-being, leading to poorer quality of life, low self-esteem, psychiatric comorbidities, and nutritional deficiencies [16].
Although evidence has associated disordered eating with poor WLS outcomes, there is no consistent process for screening and/or treating disordered eating in WLS patients. Furthermore, treatments for eating disorders and obesity often conflict. Pre- and post- WLS management guidelines include low-calorie diets (800–1200 calories/day), which are contraindicated for eating disorder treatment and can exacerbate binge eating and LOCE in at-risk patients (i.e., by increasing cravings for high-calories foods in response to a semi-starvation state [17]). An environmental scan of WLS clinics in Canada revealed that follow-up visits mainly focus on dietary guidelines and adjunctive exercise plans to maintain weight loss, with limited resources directed towards addressing disordered eating. This highlights the need for more routine, evidence-based screening and treatment procedures for disordered eating in WLS patients nationwide.
Given this gap in clinical care, this paper aims to review the literature to identify current practices in the screening and treatment of disordered eating in WLS patients. This article will review (a) screening and diagnostic tools to identify disordered eating, (b) interventions used to treat disordered eating among WLS patients, and (c) suggestions for future research.

2. Methods

To evaluate the current evidence on screening and treatment practices for disordered eating in WLS patients, our team conducted a literature review of Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases for articles published between 2010 and 2024. Our search included the following search terms in several combinations: “eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, restrictive eating, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, weight loss surgery, bariatric surgery, gastric bypass, vertical gastrectomy, sleeve gastrectomy, screening, preoperative care, postoperative care, and treatment”.
Two independent reviewers (CP and KF) screened the identified articles for relevance, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer (AK). See Figure 1 for a PRISMA diagram of the study selection process. Relevant findings were then synthesized into a narrative summary to highlight key insights regarding the screening and treatment of disordered eating in WLS patients. Additionally, this review identifies gaps in the existing literature and outlines future research directions.

3. Findings

3.1. Current Evidence for Screening and Diagnosis

The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE; [18]) is the most widely supported interview-based assessment for evaluating disordered eating behaviors and psychopathology. To address the unique context of WLS, an adapted version, the Eating Disorder Examination—Bariatric Surgery Version (EDE-BSV; [19]), was created to specifically assess eating behaviors in WLS populations. To date, two studies have investigated the psychometric properties of the EDE-BSV. The first study examined the interrater reliability for assessing post-WLS binge-eating and LOCE episodes using the EDE-BSV when compared to original EDE subscales [20]. Similarly, the second study evaluated the EDE-BSV compared to the original EDE subscales in WLS populations at pre- and post-surgery time points [21]. Both studies reported good interrater reliability but variable consistency across subscale items of the EDE-BSV in WLS patients [20,21]. Future research should further investigate the psychometric properties of the EDE-BSV and establish a factor structure for the assessment of WLS-specific items.
Despite the utility of the EDE-BSV, the interview is time-consuming, making it impractical for routine screenings in clinical settings. A more feasible approach is to use self-report measures to screen for disordered eating in WLS patients. Among these, the Binge Eating Scale (BES; [22]) is the most studied tool in the pre-WLS phase. A total of four studies have demonstrated the BES’s utility in screening for BED and binge-eating behaviors in patients seeking WLS, showing good validity, consistency, and concordance with diagnostic criteria [23,24,25,26]. A summary of other pre-WLS screening and diagnostic tools is provided in Table 1.
Despite supporting evidence for pre-WLS screening tools (e.g., the BES), a summative review of the literature suggests screening post-WLS, particularly after the initial “honeymoon phase” (6–12 months post-WLS), is more clinically useful than pre-WLS screening [13]. The rationale for this recommendation is twofold. First, disordered eating often emerges 4 to 24 months after WLS and occurs in 25–39% of patients (i.e., it is a common phenomenon; [13,14,15]). Second, patients with pre-WLS disordered eating often achieve comparable weight loss to those without disordered eating and can experience a reduction in eating psychopathology post-WLS [27,28]. Taken together, these findings suggest that identifying disordered eating pre-WLS is (a) often not predictive of post-surgery disordered eating and (b) is not a reliable predictor of poor weight outcomes post-WLS.
Unfortunately, few studies have examined the psychometrics of screening measures in post-WLS patients. A self-report version of the EDE-BSV called the Eating Disorder After Bariatric Surgery—Questionnaire (EDABS-Q) may hold promise [29]. One study compared the EDE-BSV and EDABS-Q and found high construct concordance, leading the authors to suggest that the self-report measure is an adequate substitute for the longer, semi-structured interview.
Another potential target for post-WLS screening is LOCE. Among disordered eating symptoms, LOCE is the strongest predictor of suboptimal weight loss, weight regain, and elevated eating disorder psychopathology post-WLS [13]. LOCE has been identified as a transdiagnostic symptom underlying other disordered eating behaviors like P/N and objective binge-eating [30], and there is neurobiological evidence to support this construct as a heritable trait [31]. These findings suggest that screening tools assessing LOCE may be an ecologically valid method for identifying disordered eating in post-WLS populations. However, research on screening for LOCE post-WLS remains limited. One study examined the factor structure of the Eating Loss of Control Scale (ELOCS; [32]) in post-WLS patients. While confirmatory factor analysis revealed poor fit to a one-factor structure, exploratory factor analysis supported an alternative two-factor model incorporating both behavioral and cognitive/emotional aspects of LOCE [33]. Other screening tools that assess LOCE, such as the Loss of Control Eating Scale (LOCES; [34]), could hold promise for clinical use but require validation in post-WLS populations.
Table 1. Disordered eating screening measures studied in WLS populations.
Table 1. Disordered eating screening measures studied in WLS populations.
Screening MeasureStudiesMain Findings
Pre-WLS Screening
Binge Eating Scale
(BES)		Jeong et al., 2023 [23];
Marek et al., 2015 [24];
Grupski et al., 2013 [25];
Hood et al., 2013 [26]		The BES is reliable in identifying binge-eating symptoms in WLS-seeking patients. The BES has good internal consistency, concordance validity, and reliability in WLS patients pre-surgery.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2—Restructured Form
(MMPI-2-RF)		Martin-Fernandez et al., 2021 [35];
Marek et al., 2014a [36];
Marek et al., 2014b [37];
Marek et al., 2013 [38]		Higher scores on demoralization, emotional dysfunction, antisocial, hypomanic, and impulsive subscales were associated with higher rates of disordered eating or BED diagnosis.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 3
(MMPI-3)		Marek et al., 2024 [39];
Marek et al., 2021 [40]		Internalizing, externalizing, and somatic/cognitive dysfunction were associated with binge-eating and LOCE. An additional Eating Concerns Subscale was found to have good clinical utility in capturing eating psychopathology in WLS patients.
Eating Disorder Examination—Questionnaire
(EDE-Q)		Parker et al., 2015 [41];
Grilo et al., 2013 [42]		The EDE-Q was found to be a poor fit to WLS patients; when the EDE-Q was modified, validity and reliability improved in both studies.
Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale
(EDDS)		Williams et al., 2017 [43]The EDDS was found to have good clinical utility in identifying binge-eating behaviors in WLS patients.
Eating Expectancies Inventory
(EEI)		Williams-Kerver et al., 2019 [44]The EEI had good to excellent fit in its original factor structure. EEI scores were positively associated with EDDS symptom scores, BES scores, and binge-eating frequency.
Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire
(TFEQ)		Parker et al., 2015 [41]A revised three-factor structure demonstrated good fit in identifying disordered eating in WLS patients pre-surgery.
Post-WLS Screening
Eating Disorder Examination—Bariatric Surgery Version
(EDE-BSV)		Ivezaj et al., 2022 [21];
Wiedemann et al., 2020 [20];
de Zwaan et al., 2010 [19]		The EDE-BSV has high interrater reliability with the original EDE global and subscales, with excellent agreement for identifying LOCE episodes and associated disordered eating behaviors in WLS patients.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders—5th Edition
(DSM-V) Clinical Assessment		Yu et al., 2023 [45];
Conceição et al., 2020 [46]		Due to dietary recommendations and anatomical changes post-surgery, DSM-V criteria for eating disorders, such as BED, are less applicable to WLS populations (e.g., “consuming large amounts of food when not physically hungry”).
Eating Loss of Control Scale
(ELOCS)		Carr et al., 2019 [33]A two-factor modified ELOCS was found to have good fit to a post-WLS sample. Correlations with the EDE-BSV suggested good construct validity in identifying disordered eating.
Eating Disorder After Bariatric Surgery—Questionnaire
(EDABS-Q)		Globus et al., 2021 [29]When compared to the EDE-BSV, the EDABS-Q significantly agreed with all items with high construct concordance.

3.2. Current Evidence for Treatment

Similar to screening practices, the literature on treatment for disordered eating in WLS patients suggests that psychotherapy post-WLS yields better and more sustainable outcomes than interventions pre-WLS [47]. While pre-WLS treatments may reduce eating pathology and weight in the short term, these improvements are often not maintained post-operatively. Typically, at 1-year and 2-year follow-ups, no significant differences in weight or disordered eating outcomes are reported between pre-WLS intervention and treatment-as-usual [48,49,50]. As pre-WLS interventions generally lack long-term effectiveness, we have opted to only summarize study findings in Table 2.
Importantly, post-WLS treatments demonstrate more durable reductions in disordered eating behaviors and improved weight outcomes. This may be because eating behavior and hunger/fullness cues are likely to change significantly between pre- and post-WLS. Learning to manage LOCE or other disordered eating behaviors within that new post-WLS context may allow for more appropriate application of treatment principles and skills. Additionally, LOCE pre-WLS is not a robust predictor of LOCE post-WLS, meaning pre-WLS interventions may not be targeting the group of individuals who would most benefit from intervention [51].
Among available interventions for pre- and post-WLS, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has the most evidence for improving disordered eating, related psychopathology, and weight outcomes in post-WLS patients. This includes tele-CBT; however, the success of long-term weight outcomes for tele-CBT is ongoing as research to date has not shown significant improvements in weight management for tele-CBT [52,53,54,55]. Emerging interventions, such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), also show promise in improving disordered eating and weight outcomes post-WLS. In summary, there is preliminary support for reducing disordered eating, related psychopathology, and weight outcomes via psychological interventions, with sustained benefits at long-term follow-ups for some interventions [52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61]. A comprehensive list of interventions for disordered eating in pre- and post-WLS populations is provided in Table 2.
Table 2. Treatments studied in WLS populations.
Table 2. Treatments studied in WLS populations.
Treatment TypeStudiesMain Findings
Pre-WLS Treatment
Individual Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(CBT)
Abiles et al., 2013 [48];
Gade et al., 2014 [62];
Gade et al., 2015 [63];
Cassin et al., 2016 [64];
Hjelmsæth et al., 2019 [65];
Paul et al., 2021 [49];
Paul et al., 2022 [50]		In general, CBT interventions were found to significantly improve binge-eating, eating disorder psychopathology, weight loss, and anxiety/mood symptoms post-intervention. Studies including follow-ups post-surgery found that these improvements were not maintained post-WLS.
Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)Ashton et al., 2011 [66]Group CBT had significant weight loss at 6- and 12-month follow-ups post-WLS; moreover, group CBT led to reductions in eating disorder symptomatology for those with and without BED, but the effect was not significant.
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)Delparte et al., 2019 [67]DBT showed reductions in binge-eating, emotional eating, eating pathology, and clinical impairment as compared to treatment-as-usual at pre-surgery and at 6-month follow-ups. Weight was not reported.
Mindfulness-Based Intervention (MBI)Felske et al., 2020 [68]MBI showed improvements in eating behaviors and were maintained for 12 weeks; however, improvements deteriorated with time. Weight was not reported.
Post-WLS Treatment
Individual Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)Sockalingam et al., 2017 [52]
Sockalingam et al., 2019 [53]
Rudolph & Hilbert, 2020 [56]
Grilo et al., 2022 [69];
Sockalingam et al., 2022 [54]
Smith et al., 2023 [70];
Sockalingam et al., 2023 [55]		In general, individual CBT was associated with significant improvements in disordered eating behaviors, eating-related psychopathology, anxiety/depression symptoms, and weight loss. In several cases, these improvements were found to be maintained for up to 1 year following the intervention.
Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)Lent et al., 2019 [71];
Himes et al., 2015 [57]		Group CBT had mixed findings. One study found no improvements in eating behaviors, weight, or mood as compared to controls. However, another study found significant reductions in eating behaviors and decreases in weight regain. Follow-up data were not recorded.
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)Gallé et al., 2017a [61];
Gallé et al., 2017b [72];
Himes et al., 2015 [57];
Hany et al., 2022 [60]		DBT has shown significant improvements in eating behaviors, emotional eating, weight, and psychiatric comorbidities post-intervention. These improvements were maintained for up to 1 year following the intervention.
Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBI)Chacko et al., 2016 [73];
Wnuk et al., 2018 [74]		MBIs have shown significant improvements in eating behaviors, eating disorder psychopathology, and depressive symptoms; however, perceived stress has been found to increase post-intervention. One study found that improvements were maintained at a 4-month follow-up. Weight outcomes were not reported
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or Acceptance-Based Therapy (ACT; ABT)Weineland et al., 2012a [58]
Weineland et al., 2012b [59]
Bradley et al., 2017 [75]		ACT was found to significantly improve disordered eating behaviors, body dissatisfaction, quality of life, and weight acceptance; these improvements were maintained at a 6-month follow-up. Weight outcomes were not reported.
Schema TherapySobhani et al., 2023 [76]Those receiving schema therapy reported less maladaptive cognitive reasoning, more adaptive cognitive reasoning, and reductions in weight. This effect was maintained at a 6-month follow-up. Eating disorder behaviors were not reported.
Bariatric Surgery and Education (BaSE)
Psychoeducational Group		Wild et al., 2015 [77]There were no differences between the intervention and control groups in weight loss, health-related quality of life, or depression scores. Improvements were not maintained at a 1-year follow-up. Those with higher depression scores in the intervention showed slight improvements in quality of life and depressive symptoms.
Postbariatric Surgery (PBS) Protocol for
Inpatient Eating Disorder Treatment		Schreyer et al., 2019 [78]Preliminary findings suggest a positive association with the intervention, weight maintenance, and weight regain for those with restrictive eating disorders post-WLS. Eating disorder outcomes were not reported. Follow-up data were not reported.
Adapted Motivational Interviewing
Intervention (AMI)		David et al., 2016 [79]The intervention group showed significant improvements in binge-eating symptoms and dietary adherence across 12-week follow-ups as compared to the control group. AMI increased reported readiness, confidence, and self-efficacy in post-WLS guidelines.

4. Future Directions for Research

Our findings emphasize that screening and treatment practices for disordered eating in WLS populations are infrequent, inconsistent, and under-researched, despite the robust evidence linking disordered eating and poor WLS outcomes. Since there is no well-established, evidence-based approach for screening and treatment of disordered eating in WLS patients, we propose the following based on our review of the literature. Since LOCE is a transdiagnostic symptom that underlies most forms of disordered eating and post-WLS LOCE is the best predictor of poor WLS outcomes, establishing effective screening for LOCE in the 6–24 months after surgery warrants further study. For those who screen positive for LOCE, the EDE-BSV could be used for a more robust diagnostic assessment of disordered eating. Once diagnosed, treatments that include CBT, ACT, and DBT are worthy of consideration for research and clinical use. Ideally, developed protocols would be offered in both virtual and/or group-based modalities to increase accessibility and would be suitable for subdiagnostic disordered eating as well as diagnostic eating disorders.
Another promising direction for future research is the role of adjunctive pharmacotherapy in improving health-related outcomes for post-WLS patients. A recent review identified three studies examining the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in relation to weight outcomes in post-WLS patients. A pooled analysis revealed that GLP-1 RAs were associated with significant reductions in BMI and greater overall weight change for up to 6 months [80]. While this may be a promising approach, caution is warranted with regards to the use of GLP-1 RAs in individuals with eating disorders [81]. Additionally, other medications, such as lisdexamfetamine (LDX) and topiramate, which have been used to treat BED, could potentially reduce disordered eating behaviors in post-WLS patients when used in conjunction with psychotherapeutic interventions [82]. A recent randomized controlled trial found that a combined approach integrating CBT with LDX significantly decreased binge-frequency, eating disorder psychopathology, and weight as compared to CBT-alone and LDX-alone groups [83]. These findings are further supported in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, in which treatment improvements were sustained at long-term follow-up [84]. In sum, a combined approach that integrates psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy, such as GLP-1 RAs or stimulant medications, could hold promise for enhancing treatment outcomes in WLS populations with disordered eating. However, this combination treatment modality has yet to be systematically studied in the context of WLS. Future research should investigate the efficacy of these medications in reducing disordered eating behaviors, weight regain, and associated psychopathology in post-WLS patients.
Finally, some WLS clinics require pre-WLS eating disorder treatment for those with disordered eating to be eligible for WLS. This requirement no longer reflects the current state of the literature [28,29]. Clinics that continue to uphold this policy should consider adjusting this policy to better reflect new evidence and focus on treatment post-WLS.

5. Conclusions

Despite the significant impact of disordered eating on WLS outcomes, standardized screening and treatment protocols remain inconsistent. Given the association between LOCE and suboptimal weight outcomes, routine post-operative screening and targeted interventions such as CBT, DBT, and ACT should be prioritized. Emerging pharmacological options, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and lisdexamfetamine, may offer additional support, but further research is needed to assess their long-term efficacy and safety. To optimize patient outcomes, integrating multidisciplinary, evidence-based care models that combine psychotherapy, medication, and nutritional support is essential for improving both weight management and psychological well-being.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: A.K.; data curation: C.P. and K.F.; formal analysis: A.K., C.P. and K.F.; investigation: A.K., C.P. and K.F.; methodology: C.P. and K.F.; project administration: A.K.; validation: A.K. and C.P.; visualization: C.P. and K.F.; writing—original draft: C.P. and K.F.; writing—review & editing: A.K., S.B., M.V. and A.J.; supervision: A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Dalhousie Faculty of Medicine Dean’s Student Fund.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Dalhousie University librarian consultants for their assistance in developing the PCC framework and search strategies for this literature review.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Obesities 05 00019 g001
Figure 1. PRISMA diagram of study selection process.
Figure 1. PRISMA diagram of study selection process.
Obesities 05 00019 g001
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MDPI and ACS Style

Price, C.; Fraser, K.; Bartel, S.; Vallis, M.; Jad, A.; Keshen, A. Screening and Treating Disordered Eating in Weight Loss Surgery: A Rapid Review of Current Practices and Future Directions. Obesities 2025, 5, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020019

AMA Style

Price C, Fraser K, Bartel S, Vallis M, Jad A, Keshen A. Screening and Treating Disordered Eating in Weight Loss Surgery: A Rapid Review of Current Practices and Future Directions. Obesities. 2025; 5(2):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020019

Chicago/Turabian Style

Price, Colby, Kaela Fraser, Sara Bartel, Michael Vallis, Ahmed Jad, and Aaron Keshen. 2025. "Screening and Treating Disordered Eating in Weight Loss Surgery: A Rapid Review of Current Practices and Future Directions" Obesities 5, no. 2: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020019

APA Style

Price, C., Fraser, K., Bartel, S., Vallis, M., Jad, A., & Keshen, A. (2025). Screening and Treating Disordered Eating in Weight Loss Surgery: A Rapid Review of Current Practices and Future Directions. Obesities, 5(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020019

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