Do Agrochemical-Free Paddy Fields Serve as Refuge Habitats for Odonata?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Farming Calendar for Conventional and Natural Practices
2.3. Life Histories of Representative Odonata
2.4. Preliminary Survey (2017)
2.5. Main Survey (2019)
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Survey (2017)
3.2. Main Survey (2019)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Figure A1 | Type of Agrochemical | Main Ingredient (Product Name in Japan) [Number of Active Ingredients] | Application Amount |
---|---|---|---|
Late March to late April | Seed disinfectant | Ipconazole–cupric hydroxide (Techlead C Flowable) [1] Talaromyces flavus SAY-Y-94-01 strain spore (Tafuburokku) [0] | 200 times dilution |
Early to mid-May | Nursery box insecticide | Chlorantraniliprole–probenazole (Dr. Orize Ferterra) [2] Chlorantraniliprole–tiazinil (Buiget Ferterra) [2] | 50 g/nursery box |
Late July to early August | Insecticide—fungicide | Ethofenprox–tricyclazole (Beam Eight Trebon Sol) [2] Echiprole (Kirappu Flowable) [1] Validamycin (Varidasin Air) [0] | 800 mL/0.1 ha † |
Early to mid-May | Paddy herbicide | Butachlor (Marchette 1 kg granules) [1] Imazosulfuron–oxazichromephone–pyraclonil (Sarabureddo KAI 1 kg granules) [3] | 1.0 kg/0.1 ha 1.0 kg/0.1 ha |
Late April to mid-July | Levee herbicide | Gluphosate potassium salt (Roundup Max Road) [1] Glufosinate (Basta) [1] Glyphosate isopropylamine salt (Sanfuron) [1] | 300–500 mL/0.1 ha |
Mid-March to early April Mid-April to mid-May Mid-June Mid-July | Soil conditioner Basal fertilizer Interim fertilizer Fertilizer for ear manuring | Magnesium–aluminum–silicic acid (BB Ta-no-megumi) Magnesium–aluminum–silicic acid (Super-keisan) Nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium–organic material (BB yuuki-iri Noto-koshi-ippatsu), Nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium– magnesium–silicic acid (BB keisan-power koshi-ippatsu-kun) Phosphorus–potassium– magnesium–silicic acid–boron (PK keisan) Nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium–magnesium (BB tsuihi 550-go) | 40–60 kg/0.1 ha 30–50 kg/0.1 ha 40 kg/0.1 ha 13–20 kg/0.1 ha |
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Taxon | Conventional Farming | Natural Farming | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exuviae (Number) | Cont. (%) | Prev. (%) | Exuviae (Number) | Cont. (%) | Prev. (%) | |
Lestes temporalis | 2 | 1.5 | 12.5 | - | - | - |
Sympetrum darwinianum | 5 | 3.7 | 12.5 | 16 | 15.7 | 37.5 |
Sympetrum infuscatum | 71 | 52.2 | 37.5 | 15 | 14.7 | 37.5 |
Sympetrum frequens | 58 | 42.6 | 75.0 | 64 | 62.7 | 100.0 |
Pantala flavescens | - | - | - | 3 | 2.9 | 12.5 |
Orthetrum albistylum | - | - | - | 4 | 3.9 | 25.0 |
Response Variable | Covariate | Estimate | SE | z | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Odonata | Intercept | 2.586 | 0.439 | 5.888 | <0.001 |
Farming † | −0.852 | 0.835 | −1.020 | 0.308 | |
Mean water depth | 0.336 | 0.345 | 0.974 | 0.330 | |
Sympetrum frequens | Intercept | 2.008 | 0.477 | 4.214 | <0.001 |
Farming † | 0.551 | 0.779 | 0.707 | 0.480 | |
Mean water depth | −0.233 | 0.328 | −0.709 | 0.478 | |
Sympetrum infuscatum | Intercept | 1.520 | 0.913 | 1.665 | 0.096 |
Farming † | −3.620 | 3.324 | −1.089 | 0.276 | |
Mean water depth | 1.005 | 1.230 | 0.817 | 0.414 | |
Sympetrumdarwinianum | Intercept | 1.520 | 0.913 | 1.665 | 0.096 |
Farming † | −3.620 | 3.324 | −1.089 | 0.276 | |
Mean water depth | 1.005 | 1.230 | 0.817 | 0.414 |
Taxon | Conventional Farming | Natural Farming | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exuviae (Number) | Cont. (%) | Prev. (%) | Exuviae (Number) | Cont. (%) | Prev. (%) | |
Ceriagrion melanurum | 1 | 0.1 | 12.5 | - | - | - |
Ischnura | - | - | - | 7 | 8.5 | 12.5 |
Sympetrum darwinianum | 150 | 21.6 | 62.5 | 4 | 4.9 | 37.5 |
Sympetrum infuscatum | 411 | 59.1 | 62.5 | 8 | 9.8 | 37.5 |
Sympetrum frequens | 134 | 19.3 | 62.5 | 31 | 37.8 | 62.5 |
Pantala flavescens | - | - | - | 15 | 18.3 | 50.0 |
Orthetrum albistylum | - | - | - | 16 | 19.5 | 25.0 |
Orthetrum melania | - | - | - | 1 | 1.2 | 12.5 |
Response Variable | Covariate | Estimate | SE | z | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Odonata | Intercept | 3.089 | 0.725 | 4.263 | <0.001 |
Farming † | −2.850 | 0.837 | −3.406 | <0.001 | |
Mean water depth | 0.839 | 0.436 | 1.925 | 0.054 | |
Sympetrum frequens | Intercept | 2.204 | 1.085 | 2.032 | 0.042 |
Farming † | −2.012 | 1.269 | −1.585 | 0.113 | |
Mean water depth | 0.459 | 0.750 | 0.612 | 0.540 | |
Sympetrum infuscatum | Intercept | 2.438 | 1.153 | 2.115 | 0.034 |
Farming † | −4.567 | 1.323 | −3.452 | <0.001 | |
Mean water depth | 0.866 | 0.667 | 1.299 | 0.194 | |
Sympetrumdarwinianum | Intercept | −0.556 | 1.272 | −0.437 | 0.662 |
Farming † | −3.935 | 0.626 | −6.286 | <0.001 | |
Mean water depth | 0.687 | 0.429 | 1.603 | 0.109 |
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Huynh, T.Q.; Oyabu, A.; Nomura, S.; Takashima, T.; Usio, N. Do Agrochemical-Free Paddy Fields Serve as Refuge Habitats for Odonata? Ecologies 2021, 2, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies2010001
Huynh TQ, Oyabu A, Nomura S, Takashima T, Usio N. Do Agrochemical-Free Paddy Fields Serve as Refuge Habitats for Odonata? Ecologies. 2021; 2(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuynh, Thien Quang, Aisha Oyabu, Shinya Nomura, Tadao Takashima, and Nisikawa Usio. 2021. "Do Agrochemical-Free Paddy Fields Serve as Refuge Habitats for Odonata?" Ecologies 2, no. 1: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies2010001