Digital Technology as a Disentangling Force for Women Entrepreneurs

Abstract

This study investigates the empowering potential of digital technologies for women entrepreneurs, a transformative force that transcends all fields of knowledge. It specifically examines how technology can equip women to overcome socio-cultural and economic barriers, focusing on the case of Iran. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, utilizing a literature review within the qualitative framework to identify key empowerment drivers. Subsequently, a quantitative approach leverages DEMATEL to pinpoint the most impactful drivers. This investigation aims to provide stakeholders with actionable insights, highlighting the critical role of technology in fostering equitable and sustainable economic advancement for women entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of gathering information from a developing nation like Iran, as its findings can hold significant implications for other countries experiencing similar developmental stages. Ultimately, the research seeks to inform the creation of effective policies, support initiatives, and educational programs. These interventions aim to empower women entrepreneurs to leverage digital tools for sustainable business growth, ultimately contributing to a more equitable and environmentally conscious future.

1. Introduction

As a transformative force driving socio-economic development, digital technologies have revolutionized nearly every field [1,2]. In the realm of entrepreneurship, these technologies are hailed as game changers [3], transforming the once-predictable and linear business landscape into a more flexible and dynamic one [4]. While previous studies (e.g., [3,5,6]) have positioned digital technologies as a force capable of transcending traditional limitations, their impact on empowering women’s entrepreneurship remains a topic of debate [7].

There are studies that uphold the notion that digital technologies can act as an enabler and an emancipatory power for female entrepreneurs to overcome socio-cultural barriers and experience democratization [8]. These studies state that by providing a competitive advantage, digital technologies help women entrepreneurs identify and exploit untapped opportunities [4,9]. Owing to the fact that women entrepreneurs have been traditionally oppressed by various institutional forces (e.g., social norms and gender stereotypes), digital technologies set the stage for them to overcome these barriers by employing digital tools [1] in order to better access much-needed resources [8], reach cost-effective and optimal solutions to counteract their business-related challenges [10], improve their resilience and their ventures’ sustainability [5], and, ultimately, unfold their full potential [9].

Furthermore, the benefits of unrestricted entrepreneurship by female entrepreneurs are not restricted to themselves; rather it has broader effects. At the national level, the utilization of digitalization empowers women entrepreneurs to make positive social and economic changes. For instance, ref. [11] stated in her study that developing countries, like those in the MENA region, can benefit from empowered women’s entrepreneurship through various advantages it offers, ranging from poverty alleviation to growth in national wealth.

However, other studies posit that the digital world is not a level playing field for women entrepreneurs [12]. This stream of research propounds that the widespread gender stereotypes and social biases against women will carry over to the digital world [13]. This challenge is exacerbated when coupled with the presence of women in entrepreneurship, which is considered a traditionally masculine field [14,15]. Thus, these studies declare that regardless of the help and advocacy that digitalization offers to female entrepreneurs, their participation in entrepreneurship, as a marginalized sector of society, results in an adverse outcome: the persistence of the same gender beliefs regarding women-led businesses. This makes women entrepreneurs encounter a legitimacy attainment issue, which sows the seed of being considered less potent, less competent, less reliable, and less profitable than their male counterparts [12,16]. Therefore, these notions will deleteriously affect women’s self-efficacy and self-confidence, which are the necessary factors for cultivating an entrepreneurial intention [9]. Moreover, some research (e.g., [12]) stated that the employment of digital technology by women entrepreneurs will not guarantee them a way to bypass their gender-related impediments since women are, more often than not, expected to have lower income, face more problems in accessing required education and training, and lack family support, which are significant prerequisites for taking advantage of digital technology.

Considering the nascent body of research on women’s entrepreneurship and digitalization, several studies (e.g., [4,6]) highlight a scarcity of scholarly work on how digital technologies empower female entrepreneurs to overcome challenges. While prominent works explore the relationship between digitalization and female entrepreneurship, further investigation is needed to illuminate this dynamic across different nations and contexts. This need stems from the ongoing debate regarding digitalization’s impact on women’s empowerment. Ref. [6] emphasizes the importance of research in various countries, particularly developing ones, to gain a deeper understanding of this relationship.

Therefore, this study centers on how digitalization specifically empowers women in developing countries who aspire to become entrepreneurs. We delve into the intricate relationship between digital technologies and women’s entrepreneurship, focusing on ways that digitalization acts as an enabler for women entrepreneurs, or vice versa. In this vein, we explore how women entrepreneurs can leverage digital technologies to overcome their socio-cultural hurdles.

We focus on the community of Iranian women entrepreneurs. This is due to the paradoxical phenomenon of Iranian women entrepreneurs experiencing significant growth as well as persistent social, cultural, and economic barriers [17]. Iranian women entrepreneurs grapple with deeply ingrained gender stereotypes and social norms, often reinforced by national media [18,19]. As highlighted by [9], such societal beliefs can negatively impact women’s self-efficacy and confidence, hindering their entrepreneurial aspirations. Additionally, the gendered structure of Iranian organizations and institutions impedes women from acquiring essential resources and expanding their networks [18,20]. However, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Report 2022/2023 titled “Challenging Bias and Stereotypes” indicates a recent surge in the number of women entrepreneurs in Iran, which largely coincides with the development of digital technology.

Thus, our research question is: How can Iranian women entrepreneurs leverage digital technologies to overcome their business-related obstacles?

We hypothesize that digital technology can effectively empower Iranian women entrepreneurs to overcome these barriers. This is based on the notion that digital technology has transformed entrepreneurship, creating a less hostile and more equitable environment for women entrepreneurs [4]. By harnessing digital tools, women can embrace a more creative, flexible, and less gender-biased approach to entrepreneurship [8]. This fosters digital spaces as a liberating option for their participation [6]. Furthermore, the digital world is often seen as less discriminatory, emphasizing meritocracy over traditional hierarchies [13]. This suggests that women entrepreneurs in developing countries like Iran can leverage digitalization not only to launch and succeed in their entrepreneurial journeys but also to achieve long-term sustainability.

To gain reliable data, we first conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify the key drivers related to women’s empowerment. Then, for the quantitative part, we use the DEMATLE method to identify the most significant drivers. For that purpose, we benefited from experts familiar with the research topics in the community of Iran.

Our research goes beyond the above-stated objectives. We aim to generate actionable insights that empower stakeholders to actively support and promote women’s economic empowerment through the responsible use of digital technologies. These insights can inform the development of effective policies, targeted support initiatives, and comprehensive educational programs. Ultimately, these interventions aim to equip women entrepreneurs with the necessary skills and knowledge to leverage digital tools effectively, fostering sustainable business growth and contributing to a more equitable and environmentally conscious future.

The research was conducted over one year, from January 2023 to December 2023, and was divided into three main stages. The first stage (January to March 2023) involved a comprehensive literature review and preliminary consultations to identify potential factors influencing women’s entrepreneurship in the context of technology-based ventures. The second stage (April to August 2023) focused on forming a panel of 20 experts using a purposive sampling strategy, designing and validating the binomial test questionnaire with the help of five independent experts, and collecting data through surveys and interviews. The final stage (September to December 2023) involved analyzing the collected data using statistical methods, including the binomial test and DEMATEL analysis, validating the results, and compiling the findings into the final research report.

The findings from this research hold significant implications not only for stakeholders within Iran but also for developing nations facing similar socio-economic challenges. By studying the Iranian context, which has limited readily available information, this research can provide valuable lessons and transferable knowledge applicable to other countries navigating similar developmental stages. This wider applicability enhances the impact and global relevance of our study, contributing to a broader dialogue on fostering inclusive and sustainable economic development for women entrepreneurs through the empowering potential of digital technologies.

To investigate the experiences of women leading tech enterprises in Tehran, Iran, a targeted research methodology was employed. This methodology centered on the integration of women-led tech enterprises into the design process through a meticulous selection of participants. To achieve this, a panel of twenty experts was assembled. Notably, this panel comprised women with extensive experience leading tech enterprises themselves. These experts then conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with the selected women entrepreneurs. These sessions facilitated the collection of rich qualitative data pertaining to the participants’ experiences, challenges, and successes with digital technologies. Subsequently, the findings gleaned from these consultations were meticulously analyzed to identify recurring themes. These themes were then strategically integrated into the quantitative analysis, ensuring that the voices of these women entrepreneurs were central to the entire research endeavor.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Digital Technology and Entrepreneurship

As a knowledge-based and mobility-driven phenomenon, digital technology is considered a driver for social and economic development across countries [10,21]. Technologies like social media, the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence, and 3D printers empower businesses to transcend geographical and time limitations, unlocking a range of novel opportunities [22]. As stated by [23,24], digitalization can be defined as the adoption or use of these technologies by various stakeholders in different contexts. Prior research positions digital technology as a potential equalizer [4], suggesting that by providing access to new tools and resources, it can bridge the gap between disadvantaged and privileged segments of society.

In the entrepreneurial realm, digital technology is hailed as a “game-changer” [3] for transforming the once-linear and predictable business landscape into a more agile and adaptable one [8]. It not only fundamentally altered entrepreneurship but also facilitated the entrepreneurial process itself [5]. Digital tools assist entrepreneurs in enhancing their productivity, fostering innovation, and consequently, their ability to identify and exploit opportunities [2]. Additionally, these technologies empower entrepreneurs to improve their business operations and gain the capability to not only find innovative solutions to challenges but also to increase overall business efficiency and effectiveness [25]. This translates to entrepreneurs capitalizing on more opportunities within a more democratic and equitable environment, a promising step towards achieving business sustainability [1].

2.2. Digital Technologies as a Means for the Empowerment of Women Entrepreneurs

Deeply entangled by institutional barriers, women in almost all corners of the globe grapple with social biases and cultural beliefs [26]. These socio-cultural norms dictate how women should behave, and any disobedience can result in social disapproval or negative repercussions [27]. Therefore, individuals often choose to comply with these expectations and avoid nonconformity [28]. For women, these prevalent and restrictive beliefs may lead them to internalize the notion that they are less capable, less qualified, and less important [16,29]. According to Social Identity Theory, these views undermine women’s self-confidence and self-efficacy, hindering their participation in business activities [9].

However, in recent years, there has been a surge of scholarly interest in the empowering potential of digital technologies [6,30]. Previous studies have shown that marginalized groups can leverage digital technologies to more effectively overcome business-related challenges [13].

In the context of entrepreneurship, a traditionally male-dominated field often viewed as hostile to women [31,32], digital technologies can act as a game-changer [33]. Women entrepreneurs can benefit from digital tools to expand their networks, broaden their knowledge base, overcome resource constraints, improve productivity, and access numerous opportunities [8]. This fosters a sense of self-efficacy among female entrepreneurs, the belief that they “can do” what they set out to achieve. This, in turn, increases the likelihood of women participating in entrepreneurial activities and strengthens their entrepreneurial intentions, a crucial step towards entrepreneurial behavior [7,9]. For instance, ref. [34] demonstrated how digital technology empowered women entrepreneurs to overcome barriers and manage their own businesses. Additionally, ref. [1] found a positive relationship between digital technology and women’s entrepreneurship, corroborating existing literature with data from 54 African countries.

It is important to recognize that empowering women’s entrepreneurship extends beyond the individual level, impacting nations as a whole. According to previous studies (e.g., [11,12]), governments, particularly in developing countries, have a stake in supporting women’s entrepreneurship. These studies highlight the numerous social and economic benefits that women’s entrepreneurship can bring about, including job creation, wealth growth, and poverty reduction. However, despite the advantages of supporting female entrepreneurship, only 13 developed countries have implemented policies that favor women and provide more supportive approaches towards female entrepreneurs’ use of digital technologies [12].

Research findings from previous studies demonstrate that digital technologies act as an empowering potential and transformative force for women entrepreneurs in Iran. For instance, ref. [35] showed that improved digital literacy and access to online markets enable women to expand their customer base and overcome geographical and socio-cultural barriers. Ref. [36] highlighted that adopting digital financial services and e-commerce platforms allows women to tackle traditional obstacles in accessing markets and resources. Furthermore, ref. [37] emphasized that skill development platforms empower women to enhance their business models and meet market demands more effectively. These previous studies reinforce how digital technologies enable women entrepreneurs to innovate, navigate socio-cultural challenges, and achieve sustainable business growth.

3. Methods and Materials

Focusing on women-led tech enterprises in Tehran, Iran, a major economic and industrial hub, this research employed a multi-stage methodological approach to identify and analyze the key drivers influencing their success. Tehran’s dynamic community of women entrepreneurs, with access to advanced digital infrastructure and operating across diverse businesses, offered valuable insights into the use of technology. Selecting experts from Tehran ensured an accurate analysis of local conditions impacting women’s entrepreneurship in the region.

Disentangling force, defined as the potential of digital technologies to empower women entrepreneurs by overcoming socio-cultural and economic barriers, was assessed using a mixed-methods approach.

The concept of “disentangling force” in this study refers to the capacity of digital technologies to empower women entrepreneurs by helping them overcome socio-cultural and economic barriers. This empowerment is realized through various mechanisms facilitated by digital tools, including enhanced access to information, improved communication channels, and greater market reach. By leveraging digital technologies, women entrepreneurs can untangle themselves from the restrictive norms and limitations imposed by traditional societal structures [8,38]. This process enables them to gain autonomy, enhance their business operations, and expand their entrepreneurial activities [3,39]. In our methodology, we employ a mixed-methods approach to assess how digital technologies act as a disentangling force, specifically through the identification and prioritization of key drivers that contribute to women’s entrepreneurial success.

The three-stage research process began with a comprehensive literature review conducted over two weeks. Scientific articles and previous studies provided inputs, resulting in a list of potential influencing factors. In the second stage, expert assessment questionnaires were used to confirm and refine these factors. The design and distribution of the questionnaires took one week, followed by two weeks of data collection and analysis to identify the most relevant factors.

Finally, the third stage utilized DEMATEL questionnaires to prioritize and analyze relationships between the factors. Similar to stage two, designing and distributing the questionnaires took one week, with data collection and analysis using pairwise comparison matrices completed in the following two weeks. Inputs for this stage were the factors identified earlier, and the output was a prioritized list of key factors along with a deeper understanding of their interrelationships (see Figure 1).

Stage 1: Qualitative Driver Identification

A comprehensive exploration of existing knowledge on the drivers of women’s entrepreneurship, particularly within the context of technology-based ventures, was conducted through a qualitative literature review. This review served to provide a foundational understanding of the potential factors influencing the success of these enterprises, laying the groundwork for further empirical investigation.

Stage 2: Driver Confirmation and Screening

Due to the non-normal distribution of the data collected, a quantitative binomial test was utilized in the second stage. This statistical method served to confirm the drivers identified in the literature review and further screen them for significance. By employing the binomial test, the research ensured the validity of the initial qualitative findings.

Stage 3: Prioritization and Uncertainty Analysis

The third stage leveraged the DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method, a well-established quantitative technique. DEMATEL facilitated the identification of the most impactful drivers within the system by analyzing their interrelationships and calculating a “net effect” score. This approach allowed the research to prioritize the drivers based on their overall influence on the success of technology-based enterprises led by women. Additionally, the DEMATEL method aided in uncovering key uncertainties associated with these drivers, which subsequently informed the development of impactful scenarios for further investigation [40,41].

Figure 1. Flowchart of the Research Process.

Figure 1. Flowchart of the Research Process.

Our expert panel consisted of 20 experts selected from Tehran, Iran, with a deliberate focus on ensuring a balanced representation and relevant expertise in women’s entrepreneurship and digital technologies. The gender distribution of the panel was 50% female and 50% male, ensuring that diverse perspectives were included in the evaluation process.

To form this panel, a purposive sampling strategy was employed. Each expert was required to meet the following criteria:

• Professional Experience: A minimum of five years of professional experience in fields related to entrepreneurship, digital technologies, or gender studies.
• Academic Credentials: At least a master’s degree in a relevant discipline, with several panel members holding PhDs.
• Practical Engagement: Direct involvement in research or practical projects focused on women’s entrepreneurship, including mentoring female entrepreneurs, developing entrepreneurial programs for women, and conducting studies on gender and entrepreneurship.
• Publication Record: Several panel members had published papers or contributed to reports on topics related to women’s economic empowerment, digital transformation, and entrepreneurship.

All selected experts possessed extensive knowledge and experience in women’s entrepreneurship. Their backgrounds included significant interaction with Iranian women entrepreneurs, both directly and indirectly, and researching digital transformation and entrepreneurship within the country. This experience provided them with a deep understanding of the challenges and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in Iran.

The panel was composed of academics, industry practitioners, and policy advisors, representing a comprehensive range of perspectives. The selection process involved compiling a list of potential experts through academic networks, professional associations, and personal recommendations. Each candidate’s academic publications, fieldwork participation, and professional achievements were meticulously reviewed to ensure the final panel consisted of highly qualified individuals.

The balanced gender ratio and diverse professional backgrounds of our experts provided a comprehensive and multi-faceted perspective on the challenges and opportunities faced by women entrepreneurs in the digital age. Their collective insights were instrumental in identifying and prioritizing the key drivers influencing the success of technology-based enterprises led by women.

The study employed two distinct questionnaires: the Binomial Test Questionnaire and the DEMATEL Analysis Questionnaire. The Binomial Test Questionnaire assessed the significance of various factors identified through literature review and expert input. It consisted of two sections: Demographic Information, which collected data on age, education level, area of expertise, and years of professional experience; and Assessment of Factors, where participants indicated whether they considered each factor a primary driver in empowering women entrepreneurs using Yes/No questions. The DEMATEL Analysis Questionnaire evaluated the influence of each factor on others through a pairwise comparison matrix. This questionnaire also included a Demographic Information section, followed by a Pairwise Comparison Matrix, where participants rated the impact of each factor on a scale from 0 (No Influence) to 5 (Very High Influence). Both questionnaires were rigorously validated by five independent experts to ensure clarity, relevance, and reliability, leading to refinements that enhanced their effectiveness in capturing the necessary data.

Expert assessment questionnaires served as the primary data collection tools. In the second stage, a specially designed questionnaire for the binomial test was used to evaluate the relative importance of the factors identified through the literature review and initial expert screening. This instrument underwent a rigorous validation process, gaining the approval of five independent experts, and achieving a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient above 0.7, indicating strong internal consistency and reliability.

Five independent experts were employed to validate the assessment questionnaire used for the binomial test. These experts were selected based on their distinguished academic and professional credentials in the fields of women’s entrepreneurship and digital technologies. Each expert held a PhD in a relevant discipline, such as entrepreneurship, gender studies, or digital innovation, and had a minimum of ten years of experience in research or practice related to women’s economic empowerment and digital transformation. They also had a strong record of published research in high-impact journals focusing on women’s entrepreneurship, digital tools, and socio-economic development. Importantly, these five independent experts were distinct from the panel of 20 experts involved in the primary data collection phases of the study, ensuring unbiased validation of the questionnaire. Their role was to rigorously review the assessment questionnaire to ensure its relevance, clarity, and reliability, leading to minor adjustments that enhanced its effectiveness in capturing the necessary data from the primary panel of experts.

In the DEMATEL stage, standardized questionnaires using pairwise comparison matrices were designed so that experts could evaluate the relative influence of each factor on others. These questionnaire inputs allowed us to analyze relationships and cross-influences to identify influential factors and prioritize them within the system.

This process helped us collect reliable data and obtain important results in identifying and prioritizing the key factors related to women’s entrepreneurship in the digital age. Analyzing these data provided valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and planners to develop supportive strategies and practical initiatives.

4. Results and Findings

Step 1: Driver Identification and Screening via Literature Review and Expert Assessment

The initial stage of the research involved a two-pronged approach to identify and screen potential drivers influencing technology-based enterprises led by women. Firstly, a comprehensive literature review was conducted, drawing upon existing scholarly works to identify a preliminary set of drivers (as detailed in

Table 1. Drivers shaping women’s text-based entrepreneurship on digital platforms.

Row	Driver	Description	Reference
D1	Digital Literacy Enhancement	Enhancing digital literacy among women entrepreneurs enables them to leverage digital tools effectively, boosting their business operations and market reach.	[42]
D2	Access to Online Markets	Digital platforms can open up new markets for women entrepreneurs, providing opportunities to sell products and services to a wider audience.	[43]
D3	Networking Opportunities	Digital technologies facilitate connections with mentors, peers, and customers, expanding business networks and support systems.	[44]
D4	Flexible Work Environments	The adoption of digital tools allows for flexible working conditions, which is particularly beneficial for women managing business and family commitments.	[45]
D5	Skill Development Platforms	Online courses and webinars can help women entrepreneurs continuously upgrade their skills and stay competitive.	[46]
D6	E-commerce Adoption	Leveraging e-commerce platforms can help women entrepreneurs reach a broader customer base and increase their sales.	[47]
D7	Digital Financial Services	Access to digital banking, online payments, and financial management tools can enhance the financial inclusivity of women entrepreneurs.	[48]
D8	Social Media Marketing	Utilizing social media platforms for marketing can boost brand visibility and customer engagement at low costs.	[49]
D9	Online Support Communities	Digital forums and communities provide a platform for sharing experiences, gaining advice, and mutual support.	[50]
D10	Innovative Business Models	Digital tools enable the exploration of new business models, such as subscription services or on-demand platforms.	[51]
D11	Customer Relationship Management	Digital technologies allow for efficient customer data management, improving customer service and retention.	[52]
D12	Market Research Tools	Online tools can facilitate market analysis and consumer trend tracking, helping entrepreneurs make informed decisions.	[53]
D13	Digital Branding	A strong online presence can enhance brand recognition and credibility, attracting more customers.	[54]
D14	Automation of Business Processes	Automation tools can streamline business operations, reduce costs, and improve efficiency.	[55]
D15	Digital Product Development	Technologies like 3D printing and AI can aid in product innovation and customization.	[56]
D16	Enhanced Communication Channels	Digital platforms provide various ways to communicate with customers and stakeholders, enhancing transparency and trust.	[57]

). Subsequently, a panel of experts was recruited to further refine this list. These experts, selected through purposive sampling based on their expertise in women’s entrepreneurship and technology ventures, participated in an assessment process utilizing a Likert scale-based questionnaire. This questionnaire allowed them to evaluate the relative importance of each driver identified in the literature review.

Step 2: Driver Confirmation Using the Binomial Test

Following the initial screening through expert assessment, the identified drivers were subjected to further analysis using a non-parametric statistical test, the binomial test. This decision was necessitated by the non-normal distribution of the data collected from the expert questionnaires. The binomial test assessed the significance of each driver, with a p-value (significance level) less than 0.05 indicating a statistically significant influence on technology-based enterprises led by women. The detailed results of the binomial test for each driver are presented in

Table 2. Results of the Binomial Test.

Row	Drivers	Range	Count	Observation Ratio	Test Ratio	Significance Level	Test Outcome
1	D1	≤3	20	10/0	0.5	0.000	Acceptance
		>3		90/0
				1
2	D2	≤3	20	0.00	0.5	0.000	Acceptance
		>3		1.00
				1
3	D3	≤3	20	0.15	0.5	0.003	Acceptance
		>3		0.85
				1
4	D4	≤3	20	10/0	0.5	0.000	Acceptance
		>3		90/0
				1
5	D5	≤3	20	0.20	0.5	0.012	Acceptance
		>3		0.80
				1
6	D6	≤3	20	0.00	0.5	0.000	Acceptance
		>3		1.00
				1
7	D7	≤3	20	0.25	0.5	0.041	Acceptance
		>3		0.75
				1
8	D8	≤3	20	0.05	0.5	0.000	Acceptance
		>3		0.95
				1
9	D9	≤3	20	0.15	0.5	0.300	Acceptance
		>3		0.85
				1
10	D10	≤3	20	0.10	0.5	0.000	Acceptance
		>3		0.90
				1
11	D11	≤3	20	0.25	0.5	0.041	Acceptance
		>3		0.75
				1
12	D12	≤3	20	0.00	0.5	0.000	Acceptance
		>3		1.00
				1
13	D13	≤3	20	0.05	0.5	0.000	Acceptance
		>3		0.95
				1
14	D14	≤3	20	0.15	0.5	0.003	Acceptance
		>3		0.85
				1
15	D15	≤3	20	0.00	0.5	0.000	Acceptance
		>3		1.00
				1
16	D16	≤3	20	0.05	0.5	0.000	Acceptance
		>3		0.95
				1

.

Analysis of the data using the binomial test with SPSS software (v27) revealed that all 16 drivers exhibited a p-value less than 0.05. This statistically significant result confirmed the importance of all identified drivers for further investigation within the research process.

Step 3: Prioritization and Relationship Analysis Using DEMATEL

The third stage focused on prioritizing the confirmed drivers and analyzing their interrelationships. The screened drivers from Step 2 were presented to experts through a questionnaire in the form of a pairwise comparison matrix. This matrix allowed experts to express their judgment on the influence of one driver on another. The obtained matrices were then aggregated using the arithmetic mean method to create a collective representation of expert opinions. Subsequently, the aggregated data underwent normalization using a linear method. Finally, to derive the normalized matrix of complete relations, the direct normal relationship matrix (N) was multiplied by the inverse of the identity matrix (I) minus the normal direct relationship matrix. This process aligns with the established DEMATEL methodology, as outlined below:

• Direct Normal Relationship Matrix Calculation: This initial step involves calculating the direct normal relationship matrix based on the following relationships.

$$\mathrm{N}=\mathrm{K}\ast \mathrm{M}$$

$$\mathrm{k}=\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}[\frac{1}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}{\sum }_{\mathrm{j}=1}^{\mathrm{n}}\left|\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}\right|},\frac{1}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}{\sum }_{\mathrm{i}=1}^{\mathrm{n}}\left|\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}\right|}]$$

2.

Complete Relation Matrix Calculation: The subsequent step entails calculating the complete relation matrix by multiplying the normalized matrix by the inverse matrix. This is achieved by first subtracting the normal matrix from the identity matrix and then inverting the resulting matrix, as demonstrated by the following equation (

Table 3. Normalized Matrix of Complete Relations.

	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8	D9	D10	D11	D12	D13	D14	D15	D16
D1	0.00	0.03	0.06	0.08	0.03	0.03	0.05	0.07	0.08	0.07	0.03	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.08	0.08
D2	0.10	0.00	0.06	0.07	0.03	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.03	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.03	0.08	0.06	0.08
D3	0.08	0.06	0.00	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.03	0.06	0.07	0.07
D4	0.03	0.05	0.06	0.00	0.07	0.08	0.07	0.08	0.06	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.05	0.06	0.03	0.08
D5	0.06	0.08	0.07	0.05	0.00	0.06	0.04	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.07	0.05	0.05	0.08	0.08	0.05
D6	0.08	0.06	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.00	0.08	0.07	0.03	0.06	0.08	0.04	0.03	0.08	0.07	0.04
D7	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.07	0.08	0.03	0.00	0.07	0.03	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.08	0.04	0.07	0.05
D8	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.00	0.03	0.08	0.05	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.07	0.03
D9	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.08	0.00	0.08	0.06	0.06	0.03	0.05	0.08	0.08
D10	0.03	0.08	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.08	0.07	0.07	0.00	0.05	0.05	0.07	0.04	0.03	0.08
D11	0.08	0.03	0.08	0.07	0.08	0.07	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.00	0.03	0.06	0.08	0.03	0.09
D12	0.07	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.09	0.08	0.03	0.07	0.08	0.07	0.07	0.00	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.08
D13	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.06	0.07	0.06	0.03	0.03	0.07	0.03	0.08	0.00	0.03	0.06	0.07
D14	0.03	0.07	0.08	0.03	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.08	0.03	0.00	0.08	0.07
D15	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.06	0.06	0.03	0.05	0.07	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.08	0.00	0.04
D16	0.08	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.08	0.08	0.00

).

$${\mathrm{T}=\mathrm{N}\ast (\mathrm{I}-\mathrm{N})}^{-1}$$

The application of the DEMATEL method ultimately yielded a model of relationships among the research drivers, as presented in both

Table 4. Definitive Numbers of Impact and Influenceability of the Drivers.

	D − R	D + R	R	D	Factors
13.532	0.003	13.528	6.763	6.766	D1
14.506	1.206	13.300	6.047	7.253	D2
13.969	0.370	13.599	6.614	6.985	D3
14.800	1.265	13.535	6.135	7.400	D4
14.163	0.225	13.938	6.856	7.081	D5
14.235	0.457	13.779	6.661	7.118	D6
13.461	0.032	13.429	6.699	6.731	D7
13.476	−0.370	13.846	7.108	6.738	D8
13.156	0.478	12.677	6.099	6.578	D9
13.239	−1.044	14.283	7.664	6.620	D10
13.191	−0.221	13.411	6.816	6.595	D11
14.411	0.471	13.940	6.735	7.206	D12
11.470	0.321	11.149	5.414	5.735	D13
14.258	−0.152	14.410	7.281	7.129	D14
11.831	−1.407	13.237	7.322	5.915	D15
11.915	−1.635	13.550	7.593	5.957	D16

and Figure 2.

Within the model, the sum of the values in each row (D) represents the total influence a particular driver exerts on other drivers in the system. Based on this metric, the driver (D4) emerges as the most influential factor in the overall system. Conversely, the sum of the values in each column (R) signifies the total dependence of a driver on other drivers within the system. This analysis identifies drivers (D10) as the most heavily influenced factor.

Figure 2 further reveals the interaction level of each driver within the system. This interaction level is calculated by summing the horizontal vector (D + R) for each driver. A higher value indicates a driver that both significantly influences and is influenced by other drivers. Based on this metric, the driver (D14) exhibits the highest level of interaction. Additionally, the vertical vector’s difference (D − R) for each driver reflects its definitiveness of influence. A positive (D − R) value indicates a driver with a causal influence on other drivers, while a negative value signifies an effect variable primarily influenced by other drivers in the system. Applying this analysis, drivers (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D9, D12, and D13) are categorized as causal and influential variables, while drivers (D8, D10, D11, D14, D15, and D16) are identified as definitively influenced, or effect variables.

The DEMATEL analysis facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships and influences among the identified drivers impacting women’s technology-based enterprises. This analysis is centered on four key criteria extracted from the DEMATEL diagram: Influence (D), Influenceability (R), Interaction (D + R), and Difference between Influence and Influenceability (D − R).

Influence (D): This metric signifies the degree to which a particular driver exerts influence on other drivers within the system. Driver D4 (flexible working environments) exhibits the highest level of influence, highlighting the criticality of work flexibility and adaptation to varied conditions for women’s entrepreneurial success.

Influencibility (R): This criterion reflects the extent to which a driver is susceptible to influence by other drivers in the system. Driver D10 (innovative business models) emerges as the most influential factor, underscoring the importance of fostering innovation and creativity in developing novel business models for women entrepreneurs.

Interaction (D + R): This combined metric represents the level of interaction a driver has with other drivers within the system. A higher value indicates a driver’s significant involvement in interacting with other elements. Notably, driver D14 (automation of business processes) demonstrates the highest level of interaction, emphasizing the value of efficient and automated processes in boosting the productivity of women entrepreneurs’ businesses.

Difference between Influence and Influenceability (D − R): This index categorizes drivers as either influencers or influenced variables. A positive value suggests a driver is primarily an influencer, while a negative value indicates it is more heavily influenced by other drivers. For instance, drivers like D1 (enhancement of digital literacy) are classified as influencers, whereas drivers like D16 (advanced communication channels) are categorized as influenced variables.

By analyzing these interrelationships, the DEMATEL method offers valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between various drivers. This understanding is crucial for crafting effective strategies and initiatives aimed at empowering women entrepreneurs through the strategic application of digital technologies. Policymakers and program designers can leverage these findings to prioritize the most critical drivers and optimize resource allocation to create a more supportive ecosystem for women’s technology-based ventures.

5. Discussion and Conclusions

While digital technologies have the potential to empower women entrepreneurs by providing access to markets, networks, and resources [3,8], it is important to recognize the challenges and contradictions highlighted in some studies. For instance, not all women have equal access to digital platforms due to differences in digital literacy, socio-economic status, and regional disparities [5,35]. This digital divide can limit the empowering potential of these technologies for certain groups. Additionally, studies like [31,58] have noted that some women entrepreneurs face challenges in navigating complex online regulations and increased competition, which can pose barriers to market entry. Moreover, issues like data security, privacy concerns, and online harassment can create additional risks [12]. Therefore, while digital technologies offer significant opportunities, addressing these challenges is crucial to ensure that the empowering potential translates into tangible, sustainable outcomes [5]. In the context of our study, these challenges are particularly relevant for Iranian women entrepreneurs. The digital divide, stemming from varying levels of digital literacy and access to infrastructure, often creates disparities in how women can leverage digital technologies [1]. Additionally, cultural norms and family obligations can limit the time and resources available to them for learning and adopting new technologies [27,32]. Our research findings also revealed that online competition can make market entry more challenging, particularly for women-owned businesses operating in saturated industries. Thus, while digital technologies can serve as powerful tools for empowerment, understanding and addressing these challenges is crucial for ensuring their transformative potential is fully realized.

This study, focusing on how digital technologies empower women entrepreneurs in Iran, offers several original contributions. First, it is one of the first studies to specifically examine the community of women entrepreneurs in Iran using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Second, the research, through the use of the DEMATEL method, has helped identify and prioritize key factors influencing the empowerment of women entrepreneurs in the country. This approach has allowed us to analyze the interrelationships between factors in detail, leading to a better understanding of the complexities of women’s entrepreneurship in the digital age. Finally, the findings of this research provide policymakers and planners with practical insights for developing effective policies and support programs for empowering women entrepreneurs nationwide.

The empowerment of women entrepreneurs in the digital age transcends individual transformation [10,22]. It signifies a community-driven advancement that directly impacts economic development, fosters innovation, and promotes social sustainability [5,11]. The interplay of drivers within this ecosystem serves not only as a catalyst for individual growth but also as a crucial factor in propelling diversity and fostering sustainable employment on a global scale [12,59].

Enhancing digital literacy forms the bedrock of this system [27]. It empowers women entrepreneurs with improved access to information, resources, and markets. This driver directly translates to enhanced decision-making capabilities and increased business efficiency [4,42]. Furthermore, a strong foundation in digital knowledge paves the way for utilizing advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and big data, to optimize strategies and processes for greater effectiveness [6].

Access to online markets and digital networking platforms, identified as key drivers, unlocks a plethora of growth opportunities. Online marketplaces transcend geographical barriers, enabling women entrepreneurs to showcase their products and services to a wider audience [60,61]. Similarly, digital networking fosters knowledge sharing, resource access, and valuable peer support. Additionally, workplace flexibility, facilitated by digital technologies, empowers women to manage work–life balance more effectively and operate with increased efficiency [3,8]. This aspect holds particular significance in the post-pandemic era, where hybrid and flexible work models are gaining widespread adoption.

This analysis paints a promising vision for women entrepreneurs in a digital world. Here, cutting-edge digital technologies are strategically harnessed to cultivate an equitable, dynamic, and flourishing environment that fosters the growth and success of women-led ventures.

The 16 drivers (D1–D16) identified in this study through the literature review and confirmed via the binomial test are highly relevant to Iranian women entrepreneurs. In the specific socio-cultural and economic context of Iran, women face unique challenges that affect their ability to succeed in business. For instance, digital literacy enhancement (D1) and access to online markets (D2) are crucial factors in Iran, where socio-cultural norms and economic challenges often limit women’s participation in traditional business environments. Networking opportunities (D3) and flexible work environments (D4) are particularly significant because they address the constraints that Iranian women often face due to cultural expectations and family responsibilities.

Moreover, e-commerce adoption (D6) and digital financial services (D7) are important as they enable women to bypass traditional barriers and expand their reach in the digital economy. The DEMATEL analysis further refined these drivers, classifying them into influential and influenced variables to emphasize their interrelationships. This analysis highlights how these drivers specifically empower Iranian women entrepreneurs to overcome socio-cultural and economic barriers, providing insights that are both unique to Iran and potentially applicable to women entrepreneurs in similar contexts.

Our research findings emphasize the unique impact of digital technologies on empowering women entrepreneurs specifically in Iran. The results reveal that access to online markets and digital networking significantly expands the customer base and professional networks for women-owned businesses in this region. This is particularly important in the Iranian context, where socio-cultural norms often pose challenges for women entrepreneurs. Previous studies like [62,63] have similarly noted the positive effects of digital skill development platforms in overcoming traditional barriers, aligning with our findings on the importance of improved digital literacy among Iranian women entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the research reinforces [64], who highlighted that digital financial services provide crucial support for women entrepreneurs navigating the economic landscape in Iran. Overall, our results demonstrate how digital technologies play a vital role in helping Iranian women entrepreneurs overcome socio-cultural challenges and achieve sustainable business growth.

While recognizing the distinct socio-economic and cultural contexts of Iran and other countries such as Indonesia, Turkey, Egypt, and India, there are fundamental similarities that justify drawing comparisons to understand the impact of digital technologies on women entrepreneurs. These countries are all developing nations where women face significant socio-cultural barriers that hinder their participation in entrepreneurship, including entrenched gender stereotypes, limited access to resources, and socio-economic challenges. The relevance of comparative studies lies in the shared challenges and opportunities presented by digitalization in these contexts. For instance, both Iran and these other countries have patriarchal cultural norms that restrict women’s mobility, access to education, and professional networks [17]. These shared barriers suggest that strategies and solutions proven effective in one context may offer valuable insights for others. By examining how digital technologies have enabled women in these countries to overcome similar socio-cultural and economic barriers, we can derive lessons and best practices that could be adapted to the Iranian context. However, we also acknowledge the differences, such as regulatory environments and market dynamics, necessitating careful adaptation of strategies to ensure their effectiveness in the Iranian context. Thus, while it is essential to consider these contextual differences, the comparative analysis provides valuable insights into the transformative potential of digital technologies and informs the development of tailored strategies for empowering Iranian women entrepreneurs.

The research findings are significant for other countries experiencing similar developmental stages as Iran. For instance, nations like Turkey, Egypt, and India face comparable socio-cultural barriers and economic challenges for women entrepreneurs [17]. In these countries, digital technologies can also provide opportunities for networking, skill development, and market expansion, just as they do in Iran. The insights gained from this study can therefore inform policymakers and stakeholders in such regions to develop effective strategies for empowering women entrepreneurs. Policymakers should prioritize closing the digital divide by improving digital literacy programs and increasing access to affordable technology infrastructure, particularly in underserved regions. Additionally, providing targeted training and mentorship opportunities can help women entrepreneurs develop the skills needed to navigate digital platforms effectively. In practice, support organizations should focus on creating inclusive online networks and resources tailored to women’s needs, enabling them to connect with peers, mentors, and markets more easily. Addressing regulatory barriers and promoting data security measures will also help ensure women feel safe and confident in leveraging digital tools. By addressing these key areas, policies and practices can harness the full empowering potential of digital technologies for women entrepreneurs.

6. Ideal Scenario

The ideal scenario envisions women entrepreneurs equipped with a strong foundation in digital literacy, granting them mastery over technological tools and access to online resources. Widespread availability of digital training programs, webinars, and online workshops would empower all women with entrepreneurial aspirations to develop the necessary skillsets for running successful businesses.

6.1. Development

Women entrepreneurs in this ideal scenario conquer global markets through the power of digital platforms. They gain access to a wider customer base, readily showcase their offerings, and leverage digital tools for streamlined marketing, sales, and after-sales services. Big data and advanced analytics empower them to optimize business models and swiftly respond to evolving market demands.

6.2. Connection and Support

Digital networking and supportive online communities foster connection and provide a platform for women entrepreneurs to share experiences, knowledge, and resources. These networks not only fuel individual growth and development but also cultivate a sense of confidence and belonging. Strong connections and mutual support empower them to access valuable resources, forge strategic partnerships, and tackle shared challenges.

The ideal scenario presented here is directly informed by the study results, specifically highlighting the unique needs and challenges faced by Iranian women entrepreneurs. In this scenario, women entrepreneurs in Iran are equipped with strong digital literacy, enabling them to leverage technological tools and access online resources effectively. This aligns with the results showing that digital literacy enhancement (D1) plays a pivotal role in enabling women to overcome socio-cultural barriers unique to the Iranian context.

Furthermore, the ideal scenario envisions women entrepreneurs who are well-connected through digital networking opportunities (D3), giving them access to mentors, peers, and potential customers despite geographical or societal constraints. Flexible work environments (D4) provide them with the adaptability required to balance cultural expectations and family commitments, a significant challenge for many Iranian women entrepreneurs, as highlighted in the results.

Additionally, with enhanced access to online markets (D2) and digital financial services (D7), women can expand their businesses while avoiding traditional barriers in the Iranian economy. Ultimately, this ideal scenario, though broadly applicable to all entrepreneurs, is tailored specifically to the socio-economic environment of Iran, where women entrepreneurs can leverage digital technologies to establish sustainable growth and overcome deeply rooted socio-cultural challenges.

6.3. Flexibility and Resilience

The ideal scenario equips women entrepreneurs with the agility to adapt to market and technological shifts. Their ability to readily embrace new technologies enables them to stay ahead of the curve. Flexible and hybrid work models, including remote work options, empower them to optimize their time and resources while maintaining a healthy work–life balance.

6.4. Innovation and Growth

Women entrepreneurs in this ideal scenario continuously innovate in their products, services, and business models. They leverage data and advanced analytics to identify trends and emerging opportunities, ultimately delivering enhanced customer experiences and creating significant value through cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. This capacity for innovation and adaptability not only propels their individual growth and market success but also contributes to broader economic development and social progress.

In conclusion, this ideal scenario depicts a digital ecosystem for women entrepreneurs where innovation, support, adaptability, and growth are intricately linked, offering unparalleled opportunities in the realm of entrepreneurship. This ecosystem extends its benefits beyond women entrepreneurs, creating value for society as a whole. The economic empowerment of women directly contributes to enhancing economic and social sustainability, paving the way for a more inclusive and prosperous future.

7. Limitation and Future Studies

One of the primary limitations of our research on women’s entrepreneurship and digital technology was accessing a community of experts knowledgeable about the subject. This constraint could impact the accuracy and depth of the analyses provided, as the inclusion of diverse, expert perspectives is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the existing challenges, opportunities, and trends in this field. Additionally, the rapid pace of technological advancements and continual shifts in the job market could quickly render our findings obsolete, posing a limitation to the long-term applicability of our results. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted with consideration of these limitations.

For future research, it would be invaluable to expand the scope of the investigation to include a broader spectrum of experts and stakeholders across various sectors to enrich the understanding of women’s entrepreneurship in the digital technology landscape. Additionally, longitudinal studies could provide deeper insights into the evolving impact of digital technologies on women’s entrepreneurial ventures over time. Exploring comparative studies across different cultural and economic contexts could also shed light on how various factors influence the integration of digital technology in women’s entrepreneurship. Furthermore, focusing on the development of intervention strategies and policy recommendations based on the findings could significantly contribute to enhancing support mechanisms for women entrepreneurs in the digital age, ultimately fostering greater inclusivity and sustainability in the entrepreneurial ecosystem.