Teaching Complex and Controversial Issues: Importance of In-Situ Experiences in Changing Perceptions of Global Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location and Setup
2.2. Participants and Ethics
2.3. Questionnaire and Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications
4.2. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Question Block 1: Wildlife Management | Question Block 2: Wildlife Crime | Question Block 3: Rhino Horn | Question Block 4: Hunting and Harvesting |
---|---|---|---|
Enclosing wildlife within fenced areas has no place in conservation. It is not necessary to manage a reserve because nature will find its own balance. Culling animals to manage population size is always wrong. Putting an economic value on species does not help conservation. | The illegal killing of animals (poaching) is wrong and completely without justification. Subsistence poaching for meat is morally different from poaching for products such as ivory/horn. “Shoot to kill” policies against poachers are acceptable. Poaching is a major problem in South Africa. Anti-poaching is a war we can win. | Rhino should not be owned by private individuals but belong solely in national parks, such as Kruger. Dehorning rhino is justifiable if it prevents poaching. Rhino horn should be sold legally and openly worldwide. Farming rhino specifically for horn harvest is acceptable. | Trophy hunting of any animal is morally wrong. Trophy hunting has no part to play in conservation. Hunting species such as impala or wildebeest for meat is fine as long as they are harvested sustainably. Hunting for meat has no part to play in conservation. I have no problem with hunting even if I would not like to hunt. |
Category | Question | Overall Model (d.f. = 4) | Group Type (d.f. = 1) | Country (d.f.= 1) | Gender (d.f. = 1) | Age (d.f. = 1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chi | p | Chi | p | Chi | p | Chi | p | Chi | p | ||
Wildlife management | Enclosing wildlife within fences should not happen. | 6.865 | 0.572 | 0.641 | 1.000 | 1.254 | 1.000 | 0.428 | 1.000 | 0.014 | 1.000 |
Management is unnecessary; nature finds a balance. | 4.165 | 1.000 | 0.258 | 1.000 | 0.402 | 1.000 | 0.065 | 1.000 | 2.263 | 0.528 | |
Culling animals is always wrong. | 9.393 | 0.196 | 0.056 | 1.000 | 0.626 | 1.000 | 1.231 | 1.000 | 4.211 | 0.160 | |
Putting an economic value on species is unhelpful. | 2.937 | 1.000 | 1.456 | 0.912 | 0.032 | 1.000 | 0.060 | 1.000 | 0.711 | 1.000 | |
Wildlife crime | Poaching is completely without justification. | 4.039 | 1.000 | 0.627 | 1.000 | 0.770 | 1.000 | 0.117 | 1.000 | 2.366 | 0.620 |
Subsistence poaching differs from ivory/horn poaching | 3.218 | 1.000 | 1.008 | 1.000 | 1.594 | 1.000 | 1.033 | 1.000 | 0.029 | 1.000 | |
“Shoot to kill” against poachers is acceptable. | 2.170 | 1.000 | 0.101 | 1.000 | 0.012 | 1.000 | 0.012 | 1.000 | 1.297 | 1.000 | |
Poaching is a major problem in South Africa. | 11.771 | 0.095 | 0.390 | 1.000 | 2.922 | 0.435 | 1.014 | 1.000 | 3.841 | 0.245 | |
Anti-poaching is a war we can win. | 1.030 | 1.000 | 0.332 | 1.000 | 0.005 | 1.000 | 0.104 | 1.000 | 0.831 | 1.000 | |
Rhino horn | Rhino should not be owned by private individuals. | 4.249 | 1.000 | 0.016 | 1.000 | 0.145 | 1.000 | 0.004 | 1.000 | 2.051 | 0.608 |
Dehorning is justifiable if it prevents poaching. | 5.485 | 0.964 | 0.056 | 1.000 | 2.257 | 0.532 | 1.439 | 0.920 | 0.002 | 1.000 | |
Rhino horn should be sold legally and openly. | 4.113 | 1.000 | 0.122 | 1.000 | 0.637 | 1.000 | 0.105 | 1.000 | 0.920 | 1.000 | |
Farming rhino to harvest horn is acceptable. | 3.425 | 1.000 | 0.976 | 1.000 | 0.225 | 1.000 | 0.795 | 1.000 | 2.289 | 0.520 | |
Hunting and harvesting | Trophy hunting is morally wrong. | 6.430 | 0.684 | 0.039 | 1.000 | 0.035 | 1.000 | 1.029 | 1.000 | 2.701 | 0.400 |
Trophy hunting has no part in conservation. | 0.842 | 1.000 | 0.129 | 1.000 | 0.010 | 1.000 | 0.533 | 1.000 | 0.328 | 1.000 | |
Hunting species for meat is fine if sustainable. | 5.392 | 1.000 | 0.879 | 1.000 | 0.305 | 1.000 | 3.383 | 0.370 | 0.175 | 1.000 | |
Hunting for meat has no part in conservation. | 2.567 | 1.000 | 0.957 | 1.000 | 2.062 | 0.755 | 0.494 | 1.000 | 0.551 | 1.000 | |
I have no problem with hunting but would not do it. | 7.496 | 0.560 | 0.295 | 1.000 | 1.677 | 0.975 | 0.001 | 1.000 | 3.572 | 0.295 |
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Goodenough, A.E.; MacTavish, L.; MacTavish, D.; Hart, A.G. Teaching Complex and Controversial Issues: Importance of In-Situ Experiences in Changing Perceptions of Global Challenges. World 2023, 4, 214-224. https://doi.org/10.3390/world4020015
Goodenough AE, MacTavish L, MacTavish D, Hart AG. Teaching Complex and Controversial Issues: Importance of In-Situ Experiences in Changing Perceptions of Global Challenges. World. 2023; 4(2):214-224. https://doi.org/10.3390/world4020015
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoodenough, Anne E., Lynne MacTavish, Dougal MacTavish, and Adam G. Hart. 2023. "Teaching Complex and Controversial Issues: Importance of In-Situ Experiences in Changing Perceptions of Global Challenges" World 4, no. 2: 214-224. https://doi.org/10.3390/world4020015