A Dream Deferred: African American Women’s Diminished Socioeconomic Returns of Postponing Childbearing from Teenage to Adulthood
Abstract
:“What happens to a dream deferred?Does it dry upLike a raisin in the sun?Or fester like a sore--And then run?Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over--like a syrupy sweet?Maybe it just sagslike a heavy load.Or does it explode?”Langston Hughes
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Methods
3.1. Sample
3.2. Independent Variable (Aim 1)
3.3. Dependent Variable (Aim 1)
3.4. Confounders (Aim 1)
3.5. Moderator (Aim 1)
3.6. Correlates of SEP and Timing of Pregnancy (Aim 2)
3.7. Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Aim 1
4.2. Aim 2
5. Discussion
Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | White | African American | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Race | ||||||
White | 723 | 27.0 | 723 | 100.0 | ||
African American | 1956 | 73.0 | 1956 | 100.0 | ||
Sex of the baby | ||||||
Male | 1403 | 52.4 | 382 | 52.8 | 1021 | 52.2 |
Female | 1276 | 47.6 | 341 | 47.2 | 935 | 47.8 |
Marital Status *,b | ||||||
Not Married | 1969 | 73.5 | 286 | 39.6 | 1683 | 86.0 |
Married | 710 | 26.5 | 437 | 60.4 | 273 | 14.0 |
Delivered Baby Weight *,b | ||||||
Normal | 2280 | 87.8 | 651 | 92.6 | 1629 | 86.1 |
Low Birth Weight | 316 | 12.2 | 52 | 7.4 | 264 | 13.9 |
Pregnancy | ||||||
Teenage | 268 | 10.0 | 38 | 5.3 | 230 | 11.8 |
Adult | 2411 | 90.0 | 685 | 94.7 | 1726 | 88.2 |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
Age *,a | 26.06 | 6.12 | 28.49 | 6.34 | 25.16 | 5.78 |
SEP *,a | 2.45 | 2.65 | 4.51 | 3.44 | 1.70 | 1.78 |
Model 1 Main Effects | Model 2 Model 1 + Interactions | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | B | 95% CI | t | p | B | SE | b | 95% CI | t | p | |||
Race (African American) | −0.27 | −1.60 | 0.11 | −1.81 | −1.40 | −15.21 | <0.001 | −0.14 | −0.83 | 0.37 | −1.56 | 0.09 | −2.21 | 0.027 |
Baby (Female) | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.08 | −0.05 | 0.28 | 1.36 | 0.175 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.08 | −0.05 | 0.28 | 1.37 | 0.171 |
Married | 0.42 | 2.48 | 0.11 | 2.27 | 2.69 | 23.05 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 2.45 | 0.11 | 2.24 | 2.67 | 22.66 | <0.001 |
Low Birth Weight | −0.01 | −0.08 | 0.13 | −0.33 | 0.17 | −0.61 | 0.542 | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.13 | −0.32 | 0.18 | −0.55 | 0.586 |
Delayed Pregnancy | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.56 | 2.04 | 0.041 | 0.11 | 1.01 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 1.72 | 2.77 | 0.006 |
Delayed Pregnancy x Race | −0.15 | −0.84 | 0.39 | −1.60 | −0.07 | −2.15 | 0.031 | |||||||
Intercept | 2.65 | 0.16 | 2.33 | 2.97 | 16.24 | <0.001 | 1.99 | 0.35 | 1.30 | 2.67 | 5.68 | <0.001 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Family SEP (At Birth) | 1 | 0.14 ** | −0.47 ** | 0.02 | 0.55 ** | −0.08 ** | 0.40 ** | −0.15 ** | 0.29 ** | −0.09 ** | −0.14 ** | −0.13 ** | −0.11 ** | 0.05 * | −0.09 ** | −0.19 ** |
2 Postponed Pregnancy from Teen to Adults | 1 | −0.10 ** | 0.02 | 0.19 ** | −0.03 | 0.07 ** | 0.03 | 0.08 ** | 0.01 | −0.06 * | −0.01 | −0.05 * | 0.06 * | −0.04 | −0.02 | |
3 Race (NHB) | 1 | 0.01 | −0.47 ** | 0.09 ** | −0.29 ** | 0.18 ** | −0.24 ** | 0.12 ** | 0.15 ** | 0.07 ** | 0.07 ** | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.13 ** | ||
4 Child Sex (Female) | 1 | 0.02 | 0.05 ** | −0.00 | 0.07 ** | 0.12 ** | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.06 ** | 0.07 ** | −0.07 ** | 0.04 | −0.02 | |||
5 Family Structure (Married) (At Birth) | 1 | −0.11 ** | 0.30 ** | −0.14 ** | 0.23 ** | −0.11 ** | −0.17 ** | −0.07 ** | −0.11 ** | 0.03 | −0.08 ** | −0.14 ** | ||||
6 Low Birth Weight | 1 | −0.07 ** | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.05 * | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.01 | |||||
7 Family Income (Year 15) | 1 | −0.15 ** | 0.21 ** | −0.07 ** | −0.10 ** | −0.08 ** | −0.10 ** | 0.08 ** | −0.07 ** | −0.11 ** | ||||||
8 BMI (Year 15) | 1 | −0.07 ** | −0.00 | 0.04 | 0.06 * | 0.10 ** | −0.08 ** | 0.09 ** | 0.09 ** | |||||||
9 Grade (Year 15) | 1 | 0.14 ** | −0.07 ** | −0.13 ** | −0.16 ** | 0.09 ** | −0.15 ** | −0.29 ** | ||||||||
10 Commitment to activities of the school (Year 15) | 1 | 0.07 ** | −0.06 ** | −0.21 ** | 0.41 ** | −0.18 ** | −0.16 ** | |||||||||
11 Risk communication (Year 15) | 1 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
12 Parenting Stress (Year 15) | 1 | 0.13 ** | −0.11 ** | 0.12 ** | 0.16 ** | |||||||||||
13 Youth Depression (Year 15) | 1 | −0.48 ** | 0.67 ** | 0.35 ** | ||||||||||||
14 Youth Positive Emotion (Year 15) | 1 | −0.30 ** | −0.12 ** | |||||||||||||
15 Youth Anxiety (Year 15) | 1 | 0.43 ** | ||||||||||||||
16 Youth Impulsivity (Year 15) | 1 |
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Assari, S.; Boyce, S.; Bazargan, M.; Caldwell, C.H. A Dream Deferred: African American Women’s Diminished Socioeconomic Returns of Postponing Childbearing from Teenage to Adulthood. Reprod. Med. 2020, 1, 62-76. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed1020005
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. A Dream Deferred: African American Women’s Diminished Socioeconomic Returns of Postponing Childbearing from Teenage to Adulthood. Reproductive Medicine. 2020; 1(2):62-76. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed1020005
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssari, Shervin, Shanika Boyce, Mohsen Bazargan, and Cleopatra H. Caldwell. 2020. "A Dream Deferred: African American Women’s Diminished Socioeconomic Returns of Postponing Childbearing from Teenage to Adulthood" Reproductive Medicine 1, no. 2: 62-76. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed1020005