Medical Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Definition and Classification
3. Diagnosis and Assessment
4. Treatment
4.1. Acute Exacerbations of CRS and Biofilms
4.2. Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
4.3. Chronic Rhinosinusitis without Nasal Polyps
4.4. Allergy
4.5. Asthma and Aspirin Sensitivity
4.6. Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
4.7. Ciliary Dyskinesia
4.8. Immunodeficiency
4.9. Fungal
5. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Soler, Z.M.; Mace, J.C.; Litvack, J.R.; Smith, T.L. Chronic rhinosinusitis, race, and ethnicity. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2012, 26, 110–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bhattacharyya, N. Functional limitations and workdays lost associated with chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2012, 26, 120–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rudmik, L.; Smith, T.L.; Schlosser, R.J.; Hwang, P.H.; Mace, J.C.; Soler, Z.M. Productivity costs in patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2014, 124, 2007–2012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, K.A.; Orlandi, R.R.; Rudmik, L. Cost of adult chronic rhinosinusitis: A systematic review. Laryngoscope 2015, 125, 1547–1556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rudmik, L. Chronic rhinosinusitis: An under-researched epidemic. J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2015, 44, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rosenfeld, R.M.; Piccirillo, J.F.; Chandrasekhar, S.S.; Brook, I.; Kumar, K.A.; Kramper, M.; Orlandi, R.R.; Palmer, J.N.; Patel, Z.M.; Peters, A.; et al. Clinical practice guideline (update): Adult sinusitis executive summary. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2015, 152, 598–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bhattacharyya, N. Clinical and symptom criteria for the accurate diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2006, 116, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hwang, P.H.; Irwin, S.B.; Griest, S.E.; Caro, J.E.; Nesbit, G.M. Radiologic correlates of symptom-based diagnostic criteria for chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2003, 128, 489–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stankiewicz, J.A.; Chow, J.M. Nasal endoscopy and the definition and diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2002, 126, 623–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lanza, D.C.; Kennedy, D.W. Adult rhinosinusitis defined. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1997, 117, S1–S7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ten Brinke, A.; Grootendorst, D.C.; Schmidt, J.T.; De Bruine, F.T.; van Buchem, M.A.; Sterk, P.J.; Rabe, K.F.; Bel, E.H. Chronic sinusitis in severe asthma is related to sputum eosinophilia. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002, 109, 621–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, D.C.; Chandra, R.K.; Tan, B.K.; Zirkle, W.; Conley, D.B.; Grammer, L.C.; Kern, R.C.; Schleimer, R.P.; Peters, A.T. Association between severity of asthma and degree of chronic rhinosinusitis. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2011, 25, 205–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, L.; Freedman, S.D. Laboratory tests for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2002, 117, S109–S115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cowan, M.J.; Gladwin, M.T.; Shelhamer, J.H. Disorders of ciliary motility. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2001, 321, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fokkens, W.J.; Lund, V.J.; Mullol, J.; Bachert, C.; Alobid, I.; Baroody, F.; Cohen, N.; Cervin, A.; Douglas, R.; Gevaert, P.; et al. European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. Rhinol. Suppl. 2012, 23, 1–298. [Google Scholar]
- Kaplan, A. Canadian guidelines for chronic rhinosinusitis: Clinical summary. Can. Fam. Phys. 2013, 59, 1275–1281. [Google Scholar]
- Rosenfeld, R.M.; Piccirillo, J.F.; Chandrasekhar, S.S.; Brook, I.; Ashok Kumar, K.; Kramper, M.; Orlandi, R.R.; Palmer, J.N.; Patel, Z.M.; Peters, A.; et al. Clinical practice guideline (update): Adult sinusitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2015, 152, S1–S39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thomas, M.; Yawn, B.P.; Price, D.; Lund, V.; Mullol, J.; Fokkens, W.; European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps Group. Epos primary care guidelines: European position paper on the primary care diagnosis and management of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2007—A summary. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2008, 17, 79–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meltzer, E.O.; Hamilos, D.L.; Hadley, J.A.; Lanza, D.C.; Marple, B.F.; Nicklas, R.A.; Bachert, C.; Baraniuk, J.; Baroody, F.M.; Benninger, M.S.; et al. Rhinosinusitis: Establishing definitions for clinical research and patient care. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004, 114, 155–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brook, I. Microbiology of sinusitis. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2011, 8, 90–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Doyle, P.W.; Woodham, J.D. Evaluation of the microbiology of chronic ethmoid sinusitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1991, 29, 2396–2400. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Finegold, S.M.; Flynn, M.J.; Rose, F.V.; Jousimies-Somer, H.; Jakielaszek, C.; McTeague, M.; Wexler, H.M.; Berkowitz, E.; Wynne, B. Bacteriologic findings associated with chronic bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002, 35, 428–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoyt, W.H., 3rd. Bacterial patterns found in surgery patients with chronic sinusitis. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 1992, 92, 209–212. [Google Scholar]
- Hsu, J.; Lanza, D.C.; Kennedy, D.W. Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial chronic sinusitis. Am. J. Rhinol. 1998, 12, 243–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, R.S.; Lin, J.F.; Hsu, C.Y. Correlation between bacteriology of the middle meatus and ethmoid sinus in chronic sinusitis. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2002, 116, 443–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, H.J.; Lee, K.; Yoo, J.B.; Song, J.W.; Yoon, J.H. Bacteriological findings and antimicrobial susceptibility in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyp. Acta Otolaryngol. 2006, 126, 489–497. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Mantovani, K.; Bisanha, A.A.; Demarco, R.C.; Tamashiro, E.; Martinez, R.; Anselmo-Lima, W.T. Maxillary sinuses microbiology from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol. 2010, 76, 548–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bhattacharyya, N. Bacterial infection in chronic rhinosinusitis: A controlled paired analysis. Am. J. Rhinol. 2005, 19, 544–548. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Niederfuhr, A.; Kirsche, H.; Deutschle, T.; Poppert, S.; Riechelmann, H.; Wellinghausen, N. Staphylococcus aureus in nasal lavage and biopsy of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy 2008, 63, 1359–1367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Niederfuhr, A.; Kirsche, H.; Riechelmann, H.; Wellinghausen, N. The bacteriology of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2009, 135, 131–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Palmer, J.N. Bacterial biofilms: Do they play a role in chronic sinusitis? Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am. 2005, 38, 1193–1201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clement, S.; Vaudaux, P.; Francois, P.; Schrenzel, J.; Huggler, E.; Kampf, S.; Chaponnier, C.; Lew, D.; Lacroix, J.S. Evidence of an intracellular reservoir in the nasal mucosa of patients with recurrent Staphylococcus aureus rhinosinusitis. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 192, 1023–1028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Plouin-Gaudon, I.; Clement, S.; Huggler, E.; Chaponnier, C.; Francois, P.; Lew, D.; Schrenzel, J.; Vaudaux, P.; Lacroix, J.S. Intracellular residency is frequently associated with recurrent Staphylococcus aureus rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 2006, 44, 249–254. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Foreman, A.; Psaltis, A.J.; Tan, L.W.; Wormald, P.J. Characterization of bacterial and fungal biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2009, 23, 556–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Prince, A.A.; Steiger, J.D.; Khalid, A.N.; Dogrhamji, L.; Reger, C.; Eau Claire, S.; Chiu, A.G.; Kennedy, D.W.; Palmer, J.N.; Cohen, N.A. Prevalence of biofilm-forming bacteria in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am. J. Rhinol. 2008, 22, 239–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sanderson, A.R.; Leid, J.G.; Hunsaker, D. Bacterial biofilms on the sinus mucosa of human subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2006, 116, 1121–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Suh, J.D.; Cohen, N.A.; Palmer, J.N. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2010, 18, 27–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Suh, J.D.; Ramakrishnan, V.; Palmer, J.N. Biofilms. Otolaryngol. Clin. No. Am. 2010, 43, 521–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wood, A.J.; Fraser, J.; Swift, S.; Amirapu, S.; Douglas, R.G. Are biofilms associated with an inflammatory response in chronic rhinosinusitis? Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011, 1, 335–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Foreman, A.; Jervis-Bardy, J.; Wormald, P.J. Do biofilms contribute to the initiation and recalcitrance of chronic rhinosinusitis? Laryngoscope 2011, 121, 1085–1091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hekiert, A.M.; Kofonow, J.M.; Doghramji, L.; Kennedy, D.W.; Chiu, A.G.; Palmer, J.N.; Leid, J.G.; Cohen, N.A. Biofilms correlate with Th1 inflammation in the sinonasal tissue of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2009, 141, 448–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Psaltis, A.J.; Weitzel, E.K.; Ha, K.R.; Wormald, P.J. The effect of bacterial biofilms on post-sinus surgical outcomes. Am. J. Rhinol. 2008, 22, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Singhal, D.; Foreman, A.; Jervis-Bardy, J.; Wormald, P.J. Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: Nemesis of endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 2011, 121, 1578–1583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Singhal, D.; Psaltis, A.J.; Foreman, A.; Wormald, P.J. The impact of biofilms on outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2010, 24, 169–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Z.; Linkin, D.R.; Finkelman, B.S.; O’Malley, B.W., Jr.; Thaler, E.R.; Doghramji, L.; Kennedy, D.W.; Cohen, N.A.; Palmer, J.N. Asthma and biofilm-forming bacteria are independently associated with revision sinus surgeries for chronic rhinosinusitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2011, 128, 221–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Biel, M.A.; Jones, J.W.; Pedigo, L.; Gibbs, A.; Loebel, N. The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on human ciliated respiratory mucosa. Laryngoscope 2012, 122, 2628–2631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Biel, M.A.; Pedigo, L.; Gibbs, A.; Loebel, N. Photodynamic therapy of antibiotic-resistant biofilms in a maxillary sinus model. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013, 3, 468–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Biel, M.A.; Sievert, C.; Usacheva, M.; Teichert, M.; Balcom, J. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy treatment of chronic recurrent sinusitis biofilms. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011, 1, 329–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anon, J.B.; Jacobs, M.R.; Poole, M.D.; Ambrose, P.G.; Benninger, M.S.; Hadley, J.A.; Craig, W.A.; Sinus And Allergy Health Partnership. Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2004, 130, 1–45. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Bachert, C.; Gevaert, P.; Holtappels, G.; Johansson, S.G.; van Cauwenberge, P. Total and specific ige in nasal polyps is related to local eosinophilic inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001, 107, 607–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bachert, C.; Zhang, N.; Patou, J.; van Zele, T.; Gevaert, P. Role of staphylococcal superantigens in upper airway disease. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2008, 8, 34–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tan, N.C.; Foreman, A.; Jardeleza, C.; Douglas, R.; Vreugde, S.; Wormald, P.J. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus: The trojan horse of recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis? Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013, 3, 261–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ayers, C.M.; Schlosser, R.J.; O’Connell, B.P.; Atkinson, C.; Mulligan, R.M.; Casey, S.E.; Bleier, B.S.; Wang, E.W.; Sansoni, E.R.; Kuhlen, J.L.; et al. Increased presence of dendritic cells and dendritic cell chemokines in the sinus mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011, 1, 296–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Zele, T.; Claeys, S.; Gevaert, P.; Van Maele, G.; Holtappels, G.; Van Cauwenberge, P.; Bachert, C. Differentiation of chronic sinus diseases by measurement of inflammatory mediators. Allergy 2006, 61, 1280–1289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aaseth, K.; Grande, R.B.; Kvaerner, K.; Lundqvist, C.; Russell, M.B. Chronic rhinosinusitis gives a ninefold increased risk of chronic headache. The akershus study of chronic headache. Cephalalgia 2010, 30, 152–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jankowski, R. Eosinophils in the pathophysiology of nasal polyposis. Acta Otolaryngol. 1996, 116, 160–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Drake-Lee, A.; Price, J. Mast cell ultrastructure in the inferior turbinate and stroma of nasal polyps. J. Laryngol. Otol. 1997, 111, 340–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jahnsen, F.L.; Brandtzaeg, P.; Haye, R.; Haraldsen, G. Expression of functional vcam-1 by cultured nasal polyp-derived microvascular endothelium. Am. J. Pathol. 1997, 150, 2113–2123. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lloyd, G.A. Ct of the paranasal sinuses: Study of a control series in relation to endoscopic sinus surgery. J. Laryngol. Otol. 1990, 104, 477–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orlandi, R.R.; Marple, B.F. The role of fungus in chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am. 2010, 43, 531–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soler, Z.M.; Sauer, D.A.; Mace, J.; Smith, T.L. Relationship between clinical measures and histopathologic findings in chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2009, 141, 454–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Joe, S.A.; Thambi, R.; Huang, J. A systematic review of the use of intranasal steroids in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2008, 139, 340–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kalish, L.; Snidvongs, K.; Sivasubramaniam, R.; Cope, D.; Harvey, R.J. Topical steroids for nasal polyps. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, C.C.; Adappa, N.D.; Cohen, N.A. Use of topical nasal therapies in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2013, 123, 2347–2359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lildholdt, T.; Rundcrantz, H.; Lindqvist, N. Efficacy of topical corticosteroid powder for nasal polyps: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of budesonide. Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci. 1995, 20, 26–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aukema, A.A.; Mulder, P.G.; Fokkens, W.J. Treatment of nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis with fluticasone propionate nasal drops reduces need for sinus surgery. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005, 115, 1017–1023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harvey, R.; Hannan, S.A.; Badia, L.; Scadding, G. Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van den Berg, J.W.; de Nier, L.M.; Kaper, N.M.; Schilder, A.G.; Venekamp, R.P.; Grolman, W.; van der Heijden, G.J. Limited evidence: Higher efficacy of nasal saline irrigation over nasal saline spray in chronic rhinosinusitis—An update and reanalysis of the evidence base. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2014, 150, 16–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rudmik, L.; Hoy, M.; Schlosser, R.J.; Harvey, R.J.; Welch, K.C.; Lund, V.; Smith, T.L. Topical therapies in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis: An evidence-based review with recommendations. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013, 3, 281–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Snidvongs, K.; Kalish, L.; Sacks, R.; Craig, J.C.; Harvey, R.J. Topical steroid for chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watanabe, K.; Shirasaki, H.; Kanaizumi, E.; Himi, T. Effects of glucocorticoids on infiltrating cells and epithelial cells of nasal polyps. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 2004, 113, 465–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benitez, P.; Alobid, I.; de Haro, J.; Berenguer, J.; Bernal-Sprekelsen, M.; Pujols, L.; Picado, C.; Mullol, J. A short course of oral prednisone followed by intranasal budesonide is an effective treatment of severe nasal polyps. Laryngoscope 2006, 116, 770–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martinez-Anton, A.; de Bolos, C.; Alobid, I.; Benitez, P.; Roca-Ferrer, J.; Picado, C.; Mullol, J. Corticosteroid therapy increases membrane-tethered while decreases secreted mucin expression in nasal polyps. Allergy 2008, 63, 1368–1376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soler, Z.M.; Oyer, S.L.; Kern, R.C.; Senior, B.A.; Kountakis, S.E.; Marple, B.F.; Smith, T.L. Antimicrobials and chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyposis in adults: An evidenced-based review with recommendations. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013, 3, 31–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hashiba, M.; Baba, S. Efficacy of long-term administration of clarithromycin in the treatment of intractable chronic sinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl. 1996, 525, 73–78. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kimura, N.; Nishioka, K.; Nishizaki, K.; Ogawa, T.; Naitou, Y.; Masuda, Y. Clinical effect of low-dose, long-term roxithromycin chemotherapy in patients with chronic sinusitis. Acta Med. Okayama 1997, 51, 33–37. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ragab, S.M.; Lund, V.J.; Scadding, G. Evaluation of the medical and surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis: A prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Laryngoscope 2004, 114, 923–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pynnonen, M.A.; Mukerji, S.S.; Kim, H.M.; Adams, M.E.; Terrell, J.E. Nasal saline for chronic sinonasal symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2007, 133, 1115–1120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hopkins, C.; Browne, J.P.; Slack, R.; Lund, V.; Topham, J.; Reeves, B.; Copley, L.; Brown, P.; van der Meulen, J. The national comparative audit of surgery for nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Clin. Otolaryngol. 2006, 31, 390–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ragab, S.M.; Lund, V.J.; Scadding, G.; Saleh, H.A.; Khalifa, M.A. Impact of chronic rhinosinusitis therapy on quality of life: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Rhinology 2010, 48, 305–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kosugi, E.M.; Moussalem, G.F.; Simoes, J.C.; de Souza, R.P.; Chen, V.G.; Saraceni Neto, P.; Mendes Neto, J.A. Topical therapy with high-volume budesonide nasal irrigations in difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis. Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol. 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Furukido, K.; Takeno, S.; Ueda, T.; Yajin, K. Cytokine profile in paranasal effusions in patients with chronic sinusitis using the yamik sinus catheter with and without betamethasone. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 2005, 262, 50–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lavigne, F.; Cameron, L.; Renzi, P.M.; Planet, J.F.; Christodoulopoulos, P.; Lamkioued, B.; Hamid, Q. Intrasinus administration of topical budesonide to allergic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis following surgery. Laryngoscope 2002, 112, 858–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lund, V.J.; Black, J.H.; Szabo, L.Z.; Schrewelius, C.; Akerlund, A. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide aqueous nasal spray in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Rhinology 2004, 42, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Parikh, A.; Scadding, G.K.; Darby, Y.; Baker, R.C. Topical corticosteroids in chronic rhinosinusitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray. Rhinology 2001, 39, 75–79. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jorissen, M.; Bachert, C. Effect of corticosteroids on wound healing after endoscopic sinus surgery. Rhinology 2009, 47, 280–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Raza, T.; Elsherif, H.S.; Zulianello, L.; Plouin-Gaudon, I.; Landis, B.N.; Lacroix, J.S. Nasal lavage with sodium hypochlorite solution in Staphylococcus aureus persistent rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 2008, 46, 15–22. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Weissman, J.D.; Fernandez, F.; Hwang, P.H. Xylitol nasal irrigation in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis: A pilot study. Laryngoscope 2011, 121, 2468–2472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lal, D.; Hwang, P.H. Oral corticosteroid therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis: A systematic review. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011, 1, 136–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chiu, A.G.; Antunes, M.B.; Palmer, J.N.; Cohen, N.A. Evaluation of the in vivo efficacy of topical tobramycin against pseudomonas sinonasal biofilms. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2007, 59, 1130–1134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Desrosiers, M.Y.; Salas-Prato, M. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to other treatments with topical antibiotic therapy delivered by means of a large-particle nebulizer: Results of a controlled trial. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2001, 125, 265–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Videler, W.J.; van Drunen, C.M.; Reitsma, J.B.; Fokkens, W.J. Nebulized bacitracin/colimycin: A treatment option in recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis with staphylococcus aureus? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study. Rhinology 2008, 46, 92–98. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Sykes, D.A.; Wilson, R.; Chan, K.L.; Mackay, I.S.; Cole, P.J. Relative importance of antibiotic and improved clearance in topical treatment of chronic mucopurulent rhinosinusitis. A controlled study. Lancet 1986, 2, 359–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pynnonen, M.A.; Venkatraman, G.; Davis, G.E. Macrolide therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis: A meta-analysis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2013, 148, 366–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Piromchai, P.; Thanaviratananich, S.; Laopaiboon, M. Systemic antibiotics for chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Videler, W.J.; Badia, L.; Harvey, R.J.; Gane, S.; Georgalas, C.; van der Meulen, F.W.; Menger, D.J.; Lehtonen, M.T.; Toppila-Salmi, S.K.; Vento, S.I.; et al. Lack of efficacy of long-term, low-dose azithromycin in chronic rhinosinusitis: A randomized controlled trial. Allergy 2011, 66, 1457–1468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wallwork, B.; Coman, W.; Mackay-Sim, A.; Greiff, L.; Cervin, A. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of macrolide in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2006, 116, 189–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Emanuel, I.A.; Shah, S.B. Chronic rhinosinusitis: Allergy and sinus computed tomography relationships. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000, 123, 687–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tan, B.K.; Zirkle, W.; Chandra, R.K.; Lin, D.; Conley, D.B.; Peters, A.T.; Grammer, L.C.; Schleimer, R.P.; Kern, R.C. Atopic profile of patients failing medical therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011, 1, 88–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krouse, J.H. Computed tomography stage, allergy testing, and quality of life in patients with sinusitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000, 123, 389–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stewart, M.G.; Donovan, D.T.; Parke, R.B., Jr.; Bautista, M.H. Does the severity of sinus computed tomography findings predict outcome in chronic sinusitis? Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000, 123, 81–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wilson, K.F.; McMains, K.C.; Orlandi, R.R. The association between allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps: An evidence-based review with recommendations. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2014, 4, 93–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Slavin, R.G.; Spector, S.L.; Bernstein, I.L.; Kaliner, M.A.; Kennedy, D.W.; Virant, F.S.; Wald, E.R.; Khan, D.A.; Blessing-Moore, J.; Lang, D.M.; et al. The diagnosis and management of sinusitis: A practice parameter update. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005, 116, S13–S47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bresciani, M.; Paradis, L.; Des Roches, A.; Vernhet, H.; Vachier, I.; Godard, P.; Bousquet, J.; Chanez, P. Rhinosinusitis in severe asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001, 107, 73–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ikeda, K.; Tanno, N.; Tamura, G.; Suzuki, H.; Oshima, T.; Shimomura, A.; Nakabayashi, S.; Takasaka, T. Endoscopic sinus surgery improves pulmonary function in patients with asthma associated with chronic sinusitis. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1999, 108, 355–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Palmer, J.N.; Conley, D.B.; Dong, R.G.; Ditto, A.M.; Yarnold, P.R.; Kern, R.C. Efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery in the management of patients with asthma and chronic sinusitis. Am. J. Rhinol. 2001, 15, 49–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ragab, S.; Scadding, G.K.; Lund, V.J.; Saleh, H. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis and its effects on asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 2006, 28, 68–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vashishta, R.; Soler, Z.M.; Nguyen, S.A.; Schlosser, R.J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of asthma outcomes following endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013, 3, 788–794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nonaka, M.; Sakanushi, A.; Kusama, K.; Ogihara, N.; Yagi, T. One-year evaluation of combined treatment with an intranasal corticosteroid and montelukast for chronic rhinosinusitis associated with asthma. J. Nippon Med. Sch. 2010, 77, 21–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wentzel, J.L.; Soler, Z.M.; DeYoung, K.; Nguyen, S.A.; Lohia, S.; Schlosser, R.J. Leukotriene antagonists in nasal polyposis: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2013, 27, 482–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Funk, C.D. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: Advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 2001, 294, 1871–1875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perez-Novo, C.A.; Watelet, J.B.; Claeys, C.; van Cauwenberge, P.; Bachert, C. Prostaglandin, leukotriene, and lipoxin balance in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyposis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005, 115, 1189–1196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steinke, J.W.; Bradley, D.; Arango, P.; Crouse, C.D.; Frierson, H.; Kountakis, S.E.; Kraft, M.; Borish, L. Cysteinyl leukotriene expression in chronic hyperplastic sinusitis-nasal polyposis: Importance to eosinophilia and asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003, 111, 342–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perez-Novo, C.A.; Claeys, C.; Van Cauwenberge, P.; Bachert, C. Expression of eicosanoid receptors subtypes and eosinophilic inflammation: Implication on chronic rhinosinusitis. Respir. Res. 2006, 7, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Crombruggen, K.; Van Bruaene, N.; Holtappels, G.; Bachert, C. Chronic sinusitis and rhinitis: Clinical terminology “chronic rhinosinusitis” further supported. Rhinology 2010, 48, 54–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Babinski, D.; Trawinska-Bartnicka, M. Rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis: Not a simple story. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2008, 72, 619–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gysin, C.; Alothman, G.A.; Papsin, B.C. Sinonasal disease in cystic fibrosis: Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2000, 30, 481–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marshak, T.; Rivlin, Y.; Bentur, L.; Ronen, O.; Uri, N. Prevalence of rhinosinusitis among atypical cystic fibrosis patients. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 2011, 268, 519–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Slavin, R.G. Resistant rhinosinusitis: What to do when usual measures fail. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2003, 24, 303–306. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Hytonen, M.; Patjas, M.; Vento, S.I.; Kauppi, P.; Malmberg, H.; Ylikoski, J.; Kere, J. Cystic fibrosis gene mutations deltaf508 and 394deltt in patients with chronic sinusitis in finland. Acta Otolaryngol. 2001, 121, 945–947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berkhout, M.C.; Rijntjes, E.; El Bouazzaoui, L.H.; Fokkens, W.J.; Brimicombe, R.W.; Heijerman, H.G. Importance of bacteriology in upper airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Cyst. Fibros. 2013, 12, 525–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bonestroo, H.J.; de Winter-de Groot, K.M.; van der Ent, C.K.; Arets, H.G. Upper and lower airway cultures in children with cystic fibrosis: Do not neglect the upper airways. J. Cyst. Fibros. 2010, 9, 130–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Godoy, J.M.; Godoy, A.N.; Ribalta, G.; Largo, I. Bacterial pattern in chronic sinusitis and cystic fibrosis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2011, 145, 673–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mainz, J.G.; Naehrlich, L.; Schien, M.; Kading, M.; Schiller, I.; Mayr, S.; Schneider, G.; Wiedemann, B.; Wiehlmann, L.; Cramer, N.; et al. Concordant genotype of upper and lower airways P. aeruginosa and S. aureus isolates in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2009, 64, 535–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aanaes, K.; von Buchwald, C.; Hjuler, T.; Skov, M.; Alanin, M.; Johansen, H.K. The effect of sinus surgery with intensive follow-up on pathogenic sinus bacteria in patients with cystic fibrosis. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2013, 27, e1–e4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khalid, A.N.; Mace, J.; Smith, T.L. Outcomes of sinus surgery in adults with cystic fibrosis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2009, 141, 358–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, J.; Higgins, T.S.; Ishman, S.L.; Boss, E.F.; Benke, J.R.; Lin, S.Y. Surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis: A systematic review. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013, 3, 814–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Virgin, F.W.; Rowe, S.M.; Wade, M.B.; Gaggar, A.; Leon, K.J.; Young, K.R.; Woodworth, B.A. Extensive surgical and comprehensive postoperative medical management for cystic fibrosis chronic rhinosinusitis. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2012, 26, 70–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cimmino, M.; Nardone, M.; Cavaliere, M.; Plantulli, A.; Sepe, A.; Esposito, V.; Mazzarella, G.; Raia, V. Dornase alfa as postoperative therapy in cystic fibrosis sinonasal disease. Arch Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2005, 131, 1097–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mainz, J.G.; Schiller, I.; Ritschel, C.; Mentzel, H.J.; Riethmuller, J.; Koitschev, A.; Schneider, G.; Beck, J.F.; Wiedemann, B. Sinonasal inhalation of dornase alfa in cf: A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over pilot trial. Auris Nasus Larynx 2011, 38, 220–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lim, M.; Citardi, M.J.; Leong, J.L. Topical antimicrobials in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis: A systematic review. Am. J. Rhinol. 2008, 22, 381–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wagner, J.A.; Nepomuceno, I.B.; Messner, A.H.; Moran, M.L.; Batson, E.P.; Dimiceli, S.; Brown, B.W.; Desch, J.K.; Norbash, A.M.; Conrad, C.K.; et al. A phase ii, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of tgaavcf using maxillary sinus delivery in patients with cystic fibrosis with antrostomies. Hum. Gene Ther. 2002, 13, 1349–1359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chang, E.H.; Tang, X.X.; Shah, V.S.; Launspach, J.L.; Ernst, S.E.; Hilkin, B.; Karp, P.H.; Abou Alaiwa, M.H.; Graham, S.M.; Hornick, D.B.; et al. Medical reversal of chronic sinusitis in a cystic fibrosis patient with ivacaftor. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015, 5, 178–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moss, R.B.; King, V.V. Management of sinusitis in cystic fibrosis by endoscopic surgery and serial antimicrobial lavage. Reduction in recurrence requiring surgery. Arch Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1995, 121, 566–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Armengot, M.; Juan, G.; Carda, C.; Montalt, J.; Basterra, J. Young’s syndrome: A further cause of chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 1996, 34, 35–37. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Braverman, I.; Wright, E.D.; Wang, C.G.; Eidelman, D.; Frenkiel, S. Human nasal ciliary-beat frequency in normal and chronic sinusitis subjects. J. Otolaryngol. 1998, 27, 145–152. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Mahakit, P.; Pumhirun, P. A preliminary study of nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers, sinusitis and allergic rhinitis patients. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 1995, 13, 119–121. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Orange, J.S.; Ballow, M.; Stiehm, E.R.; Ballas, Z.K.; Chinen, J.; De La Morena, M.; Kumararatne, D.; Harville, T.O.; Hesterberg, P.; Koleilat, M.; et al. Use and interpretation of diagnostic vaccination in primary immunodeficiency: A working group report of the basic and clinical immunology interest section of the american academy of allergy, asthma & immunology. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2012, 130, S1–S24. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Carr, T.F.; Koterba, A.P.; Chandra, R.; Grammer, L.C.; Conley, D.B.; Harris, K.E.; Kern, R.; Schleimer, R.P.; Peters, A.T. Characterization of specific antibody deficiency in adults with medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2011, 25, 241–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chee, L.; Graham, S.M.; Carothers, D.G.; Ballas, Z.K. Immune dysfunction in refractory sinusitis in a tertiary care setting. Laryngoscope 2001, 111, 233–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheng, Y.K.; Decker, P.A.; O’Byrne, M.M.; Weiler, C.R. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of 75 patients with specific polysaccharide antibody deficiency syndrome. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006, 97, 306–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tahkokallio, O.; Seppala, I.J.; Sarvas, H.; Kayhty, H.; Mattila, P.S. Concentrations of serum immunoglobulins and antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in patients with recurrent or chronic sinusitis. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 2001, 110, 675–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stevens, W.W.; Peters, A.T. Immunodeficiency in chronic sinusitis: Recognition and treatment. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2015, 29, 115–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bondioni, M.P.; Duse, M.; Plebani, A.; Soresina, A.; Notarangelo, L.D.; Berlucchi, M.; Grazioli, L. Pulmonary and sinusal changes in 45 patients with primary immunodeficiencies: Computed tomography evaluation. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2007, 31, 620–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Isaacs, S.; Fakhri, S.; Luong, A.; Citardi, M.J. A meta-analysis of topical amphotericin b for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011, 1, 250–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fokkens, W.J.; Lund, V.J.; Mullol, J.; Bachert, C.; Alobid, I.; Baroody, F.; Cohen, N.; Cervin, A.; Douglas, R.; Gevaert, P.; et al. Epos 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology 2012, 50, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Sacks, P.L.t.; Harvey, R.J.; Rimmer, J.; Gallagher, R.M.; Sacks, R. Antifungal therapy in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis: A meta-analysis. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2012, 26, 141–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahn, C.N.; Wise, S.K.; Lathers, D.M.; Mulligan, R.M.; Harvey, R.J.; Schlosser, R.J. Local production of antigen-specific ige in different anatomic subsites of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis patients. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2009, 141, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Collins, M.; Nair, S.; Smith, W.; Kette, F.; Gillis, D.; Wormald, P.J. Role of local immunoglobulin E production in the pathophysiology of noninvasive fungal sinusitis. Laryngoscope 2004, 114, 1242–1246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luong, A.; Davis, L.S.; Marple, B.F. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic fungal rhinosinusitis adults express a th2 cytokine response to fungal antigens. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2009, 23, 281–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ikram, M.; Abbas, A.; Suhail, A.; Onali, M.A.; Akhtar, S.; Iqbal, M. Management of allergic fungal sinusitis with postoperative oral and nasal steroids: A controlled study. Ear Nose Throat J. 2009, 88, E8–E11. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
© 2016 by the author; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Malaty, J. Medical Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Adults. Sinusitis 2016, 1, 76-87. https://doi.org/10.3390/sinusitis1010076
Malaty J. Medical Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Adults. Sinusitis. 2016; 1(1):76-87. https://doi.org/10.3390/sinusitis1010076
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalaty, John. 2016. "Medical Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Adults" Sinusitis 1, no. 1: 76-87. https://doi.org/10.3390/sinusitis1010076