Following the Food: Dynamic, Seasonal Changes in the Fine-Scale Distribution of Foraging Minke Whales Within a Scottish Marine Protected Area (MPA)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection and Processing
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.3. Model Validation and Selection
3. Results
3.1. Sightings Data
3.2. Model Selection and Outputs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Equation | AIC |
---|---|---|
Full | 3104.575 | |
Alternative 1 | 3102.965 | |
Alternative 2 | 3103.725 |
Smooth Terms | Effective Degrees of Freedom | Reference Degrees of Freedom | Chi-Square | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
BSD | 1.611 | 1.988 | 8.390 | <0.05 * |
ti (BSD, month) | 4.448 | 5.376 | 25.177 | <0.001 * |
te (SST-SD, month) | 14.050 | 16.666 | 78.470 | <0.001 * |
Depth | 5.777 | 6.522 | 133.689 | <0.001 * |
CHL | 1.020 | 1.039 | 10.070 | <0.05 * |
Slope | 1.709 | 2.088 | 1.113 | 0.537 |
Parametric Terms | Estimate | Standard Error | Z | p |
SST | −0.196 | 0.130 | −1.504 | 0.133 |
Year (2009 as reference) | ||||
2010 | 0.515 | 0.292 | 1.766 | 0.077 |
2011 | 0.130 | 0.377 | 0.035 | 0.972 |
2012 | −0.235 | 0.357 | −0.658 | 0.510 |
2013 | 0.651 | 0.278 | 2.341 | <0.05 * |
2014 | −0.251 | 0.530 | −0.474 | 0.636 |
2015 | 0.597 | 0.299 | 1.995 | <0.05 * |
2016 | 0.595 | 0.286 | 2.081 | <0.05 * |
2017 | 0.358 | 0.292 | 1.227 | 0.220 |
2018 | 1.962 | 0.252 | 7.793 | <0.001 * |
2019 | 0.143 | 0.304 | 0.472 | 0.637 |
2020 | 1.046 | 0.302 | 3.465 | <0.001 * |
2021 | 2.449 | 0.251 | 9.749 | <0.001 * |
2022 | 0.987 | 0.268 | 3.688 | <0.001 * |
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MacDougall, D.A.I.; Robinson, K.P. Following the Food: Dynamic, Seasonal Changes in the Fine-Scale Distribution of Foraging Minke Whales Within a Scottish Marine Protected Area (MPA). Oceans 2025, 6, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6010018
MacDougall DAI, Robinson KP. Following the Food: Dynamic, Seasonal Changes in the Fine-Scale Distribution of Foraging Minke Whales Within a Scottish Marine Protected Area (MPA). Oceans. 2025; 6(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6010018
Chicago/Turabian StyleMacDougall, Duncan A. I., and Kevin P. Robinson. 2025. "Following the Food: Dynamic, Seasonal Changes in the Fine-Scale Distribution of Foraging Minke Whales Within a Scottish Marine Protected Area (MPA)" Oceans 6, no. 1: 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6010018
APA StyleMacDougall, D. A. I., & Robinson, K. P. (2025). Following the Food: Dynamic, Seasonal Changes in the Fine-Scale Distribution of Foraging Minke Whales Within a Scottish Marine Protected Area (MPA). Oceans, 6(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6010018