Sowerby’s Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon bidens) in the Skagerrak and Adjacent Waters: Historical Records and Recent Post-Mortem Findings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Historical Records
2.2. Stranding Events 2015–2020
2.3. Post-Mortem Examinations
2.4. Diet Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Historical Records
3.2. Description of Recent Stranding Events 2015–2020
3.2.1. October 2015
3.2.2. August 2019
3.2.3. July 2020
3.3. Necropsy Findings
3.3.1. Specimen 1, ID 15-VLT002234
3.3.2. Specimen 2, ID: 19-VLT001658
3.3.3. Specimen 3 ID: 19-VLT001659
3.3.4. Specimen 4, ID: NRM A2019/05472
3.3.5. Specimen 5, ID: 20-VLT001629
3.4. Diet Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Historical Records of SBWs
4.2. Necropsy Findings
4.3. Diet Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Year | Month | Sex | Age | Length (m) | Locality | Country | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1869 | June | Male | Adult | 4.40 | Nord Jan | Norway | |
1880 | February | Female | Adult | 4.32 | Hevringholm | Denmark | |
1881 | November | Male | Adult | 4.50 | Marstrand | Sweden | |
1885 | August | Male | Unavailable | 3.87 | Saltö, Lysekil | Sweden | Live stranded |
1899 | December | Male | Juvenile | 4.27 | Klitmöller | Denmark | |
1900 | October | Female | Adult | 5.02 | Hevringholm | Denmark | Pregnant |
1913 | July | Female | Juvenile | Unavailable | Griefswalde oie | Germany | Live stranded, killed |
1935 | June | Male | Adult | 4.50 | Wolin | Poland | Live stranded, killed |
1938 | September | Male | Adult | 4.50 | Vegeholm | Sweden | |
1950 | September | Male | Adult | 4.47 | Helsingborg | Sweden | |
1956 | September | Female | Juvenile | 3.20 | Askimfjorden | Sweden | Mass stranded |
1956 | September | Female | Adult | 4.75 | Askimfjorden | Sweden | Mass stranded |
1957 | November | Male | Adult | 5.00 | Stavsfjord | Denmark | |
1959 | September | Female | Adult | ~5 | Gamboerg Fjord | Denmark | |
1966 | September | Unavailable | Unavailable | ~4 | Marstal | Denmark | |
1969 | January | Prob. Female | Adult | ~5 | Lundeborg | Denmark | |
1992 | October | Female | Juvenile | 3.34 | Stenderup hage | Denmark | |
2010 | * June | Unavailable | Unavailable | Unavailable | Tjurpannans nature reserve | Sweden | Skeletal remains |
2013 | November | Female | Unavailable | Unavailable | Rogaland | Norway | |
2015 | October | Female | Juvenile | 3.42 | Karlskrona | Sweden | |
2016 | February | Unavailable | Unavailable | Unavailable | Rogaland | Norway | |
2018 | February | Male | Adult | ~5 | Læsø | Denmark | Live stranded, helped out |
2019 | August | Male | Juvenile | 4.55 | Fiskebäckskil | Sweden | Live, mass stranded |
2019 | August | Male | Juvenile | 4.24 | Fiskebäckskil | Sweden | Live, mass stranded |
2019 | August | Male | Juvenile | 4.47 | Fiskebäckskil | Sweden | Live, mass stranded |
2020 | May | Unavailable | Unavailable | ~4 | Tistlarna | Sweden | Alive |
2020 | July | Male | Juvenile | 3.85 | Öckerö | Sweden | Euthanized |
2021 | July | Unavailable | Unavailable | Unavailable | Ervik | Norway | Live stranded |
2021 | July | Unavailable | Calf | Unavailable | Ervik | Norway | |
2021 | August | Female | Juvenile | 3.62 | Horsens fjord | Denmark |
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Gene Fragment | Primer Name | Primer F | Primer R |
---|---|---|---|
16S long | 16sPreyF | CGTGCRAAGGTAGCG | GTCGCCCCAACCRAAG |
16S short | 16sFiskF | GAAGACCCTWTGGAGCTTWAG | GTCGCCCCAACCRAAG |
12S | MiFish | AAACTCGTGCCAGCCACC | GGGTATCTAATCCCAGTTTG |
Specimen 1 | Specimen 2 | Specimen 3 | Specimen 4 | Specimen 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date found dead | 2015-10-23 | 2019-08-07/08 | 2019-08-07/08 | 2019-08-05 | 2020-07-11 |
Location | Karlshamn (Baltic Sea) | Fiskebäckskil (Skagerrak) | Fiskebäckskil (Skagerrak) | Fiskebäckskil (Skagerrak) | Öckerö (Skagerrak/Kattegatt) |
Sex | Female | Male | Male | Male | Male |
Age class | Sub-adult | Sub-adult | Sub-adult | Sub-adult | Sub-adult |
Length | 3.42 m | 4.55 m | 4.24 m | 4.47 m | 3.85 m |
Weight | 340 kg | 826 kg | 730 kg | N/A | N/A |
DCC1–5 | 3 | 4 | 3–4 | N/E | 3–4 |
Cause of death | Emaciated | Live stranding, undetermined cause | Live stranding, undetermined cause | Live stranding, undetermined cause | Euthanized, traumatic wounds |
Other findings | Pock marks, gastric ulcerations | Pock marks | Focal osteomyelitis (maxilla), pock marks, gastric ulceration, tooth rake marks | Osteomyelitis (vertebrae) | Possible pock marks |
Parasites | 30–40 nematodes in stomach | Few trematodes in a bile duct |
Prey List of Lower Taxa | Specimen 2 | Specimen 3 | Specimen 5 | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | N | %N | n | N | %N | n | N | %N | n | N | %N | |
Gadidae | ||||||||||||
Gadidae spp. | 6 | 3 | 13.63 | 115 | 58 | 25.55 | 121 | 61 | 24.60 | |||
Trisopterus sp. | 37 | 19 | 86.36 | 1 | 1 | 100.00 | 234 | 118 | 51.98 | 272 | 136 | 54.84 |
Pleuronectidae | ||||||||||||
Pleuronectidae spp. | 76 | 38 | 16.74 | 76 | 38 | 15.32 | ||||||
Gobiidae | ||||||||||||
Gobiidae spp. | 23 | 12 | 5.29 | 23 | 12 | 4.84 | ||||||
Ostreidae | ||||||||||||
Ostridae sp. | 1 | 1 | 0.44 | 1 | 1 | 0.40 | ||||||
Total | 43 | 22 | - | 1 | 100 | 449 | 227 | - | 493 | 248 | - |
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Stavenow, J.; Roos, A.M.; Ågren, E.O.; Kinze, C.; Englund, W.F.; Neimanis, A. Sowerby’s Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon bidens) in the Skagerrak and Adjacent Waters: Historical Records and Recent Post-Mortem Findings. Oceans 2022, 3, 250-267. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3030018
Stavenow J, Roos AM, Ågren EO, Kinze C, Englund WF, Neimanis A. Sowerby’s Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon bidens) in the Skagerrak and Adjacent Waters: Historical Records and Recent Post-Mortem Findings. Oceans. 2022; 3(3):250-267. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3030018
Chicago/Turabian StyleStavenow, Jasmine, Anna Maria Roos, Erik Olof Ågren, Carl Kinze, William F. Englund, and Aleksija Neimanis. 2022. "Sowerby’s Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon bidens) in the Skagerrak and Adjacent Waters: Historical Records and Recent Post-Mortem Findings" Oceans 3, no. 3: 250-267. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3030018
APA StyleStavenow, J., Roos, A. M., Ågren, E. O., Kinze, C., Englund, W. F., & Neimanis, A. (2022). Sowerby’s Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon bidens) in the Skagerrak and Adjacent Waters: Historical Records and Recent Post-Mortem Findings. Oceans, 3(3), 250-267. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3030018