Degradation Resistance of Next-Generation Dental Composites Under Bleaching and Immersion: A Multiscale Investigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Size Calculations
2.2. Specimen Preparation
2.3. Staining Process
2.4. Bleaching Procedure
2.5. Microhardness Analysis
2.6. Surface Roughness Analysis
2.7. Spectrophotometry Analysis
2.8. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Vicker’s Microhardness
3.2. Surface Roughness
3.3. Spectrophotometry
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Future Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
RW | Red wine |
D/W | Distilled water |
SD | Standard deviation |
VHN | Vickers microhardness |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
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Group | Solution | MH Baseline | MH Staining | MH Bleaching | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Sig. | ||
Omnichroma | Coffee | 125.76 ± 2.93 | 138.60 a ± 11.37 | 122.78 ± 8.04 | 0.039 |
RW | 130.22 ± 11.55 | 118.48 ± 14.72 | 113.31 ± 5.05 | 0.174 | |
Soda | 136.70 ± 18.97 | 136.11 ± 11.20 | 116.88 a ± 5.18 | 0.174 | |
D/W | 130.95 ± 9.69 | 132.25 ± 9.90 | 124.76 ± 38.95 | 0.368 | |
Charisma | Coffee | 168.88 ± 17.36 | 178.15 a ± 18.76 | 162.41 ± 6.29 | 0.174 |
RW | 154.76 ± 9.91 | 170.29 ± 12.40 | 143.35 ± 17.42 | 0.368 | |
Soda | 157.92 ± 14.15 | 154.26 ± 8.77 | 144.27 ± 23.99 | 0.779 | |
D/W | 178.23 ± 23.52 | 169.14 ± 14.04 | 168.83 ± 17.93 | 0.368 | |
Z350 | Coffee | 191.92 ± 16.84 | 197.73 ± 26.90 | 166.28 ± 5.93 | 0.174 |
RW | 187.27 ± 43.13 | 215.90 ± 30.92 | 151.78 a ± 49.60 | 0.018 | |
Soda | 204.86 ± 30.75 | 198.65 ± 11.36 | 173.91 a ± 15.16 | 0.018 | |
D/W | 204.61 ± 5.88 | 201.61 ± 9.72 | 167.12 a ± 21.17 | 0.039 | |
TPH | Coffee | 139.98 ± 8.00 | 155.22 ± 24.21 | 133.31 ± 16.38 | 0.472 |
RW | 156.54 ± 22.41 | 130.18 ± 17.27 | 106.76 a ± 23.73 | 0.039 | |
Soda | 151.00 ± 8.60 | 138.70 a ± 19.87 | 123.47 a ± 22.01 | 0.018 | |
D/W | 185.80 ± 48.97 | 136.19 ± 4.73 | 131.39 a ± 8.61 | 0.039 |
Group | Solution | Ra Baseline | Ra Staining | Ra Bleaching | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Sig. | ||
Omnichroma | Coffee | 520.69 ± 144.06 | 528.11 ± 159.95 | 623.18 ± 307.34 | 0.779 |
RW | 934.49 ± 350.18 | 764.48 ± 481.00 | 957.94 ± 287.88 | 0.472 | |
Soda | 813.59 ± 268.04 | 1009.36 ± 156.47 | 1005.71 ± 228.45 | 0.472 | |
D/W | 1092.73 ± 538.84 | 898.08 ± 301.11 | 1018.17 ± 476.14 | 1.000 | |
Charisma | Coffee | 637.96 ± 333.83 | 848.31 ± 213.39 | 893.12 ± 474.82 | 0.174 |
RW | 516.56 ± 75.28 | 459.37 a ± 65.73 | 674.19 ± 115.40 | 0.018 | |
Soda | 511.25 ± 42.31 | 519.01 ± 75.53 | 750.65 ± 457.18 | 0.779 | |
D/W | 450.63 ± 122.72 | 466.04 ± 85.30 | 495.29 ± 108.64 | 1.000 | |
Z350 | Coffee | 635.84 ± 113.88 | 774.94 ± 190.35 | 846.72 ± 156.77 | 0.105 |
RW | 461.03 ± 99.19 | 460.24 ± 150.87 | 675.37 ± 130.66 | 0.039 | |
Soda | 511.95 ± 114.33 | 622.84 ± 108.72 | 612.57 ± 364.19 | 0.779 | |
D/W | 852.62 ± 428.87 | 583.49 ± 268.53 | 732.89 ± 281.99 | 0.050 | |
TPH | Coffee | 540.75 ± 155.56 | 593.43 ± 149.63 | 502.41 a ± 93.81 | 0.105 |
RW | 532.60 ± 127.56 | 581.88 ± 143.38 | 679.53 a ± 46.51 | 0.174 | |
Soda | 500.47 ± 121.75 | 651.76 ± 34.97 | 921.67 a ± 439.97 | 0.174 | |
D/W | 452.77 ± 97.44 | 428.08 ± 57.99 | 131.39 a ± 8.61 | 0.039 |
Group | Solution | ΔE Baseline | ΔE Staining | ΔE Bleaching | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Sig. | ||
Omnichroma | Coffee | 61.09 ± 2.75 | 60.99 ± 3.07 | 62.80 a ± 3.02 | 0.018 |
RW | 61.50 ± 2.58 | 57.15 a,b ± 1.92 | 64.53 a ± 3.64 | 0.027 | |
Soda | 63.25 ± 2.76 | 64.14 ± 4.13 | 64.32 ± 2.73 | 0.018 | |
D/W | 63.60 ± 2.54 | 65.79 ± 2.91 | 64.46 ± 2.20 | 0.061 | |
Charisma | Coffee | 57.52 ± 4.34 | 54.15 ± 1.12 | 60.16 ± 2.99 | 0.001 |
RW | 58.11 ± 3.47 | 51.38 a ± 2.70 | 61.79 ± 3.82 | 0.002 | |
Soda | 63.37 ± 5.15 | 63.88 ± 4.04 | 68.70 ± 5.06 | 0.001 | |
D/W | 69.56 a ± 2.32 | 59.58 ± 2.00 | 61.44 ± 2.31 | 0.011 | |
Z350 | Coffee | 72.54 ± 2.01 | 60.19 a ± 3.19 | 63.04 a,b ± 4.10 | 0.000 |
RW | 73.43 a ± 1.16 | 60.19 a ± 1.37 | 67.19 ± 2.42 | 0.001 | |
Soda | 69.06 ± 2.52 | 67.35 ± 1.31 | 67.75 ± 3.17 | 0.000 | |
D/W | 69.49 ± 3.03 | 67.87 ± 2.10 | 71.29 ± 2.23 | 0.007 | |
TPH | Coffee | 66.02 ± 1.92 | 59.41 a ± 1.66 | 66.55 a ± 2.53 | 0.000 |
RW | 66.22 ± 2.15 | 61.04 ± 1.62 | 65.71 ± 2.54 | 0.000 | |
Soda | 67.78 ± 2.25 | 68.39 ± 1.22 | 71.14 ± 2.06 | 0.000 | |
D/W | 66.71 ± 1.30 | 67.61 ± 2.37 | 66.87 ± 1.37 | 0.001 |
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Ahmed, S.Z.; Al-Qahtani, S.; Al-Qahtani, N.H.; Al-Mulhim, H.; Al-Qahtani, M.; Albalushi, A.; Akhtar, S. Degradation Resistance of Next-Generation Dental Composites Under Bleaching and Immersion: A Multiscale Investigation. Prosthesis 2025, 7, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7030057
Ahmed SZ, Al-Qahtani S, Al-Qahtani NH, Al-Mulhim H, Al-Qahtani M, Albalushi A, Akhtar S. Degradation Resistance of Next-Generation Dental Composites Under Bleaching and Immersion: A Multiscale Investigation. Prosthesis. 2025; 7(3):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7030057
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Syed Zubairuddin, Shahad Al-Qahtani, Naif H. Al-Qahtani, Hussah Al-Mulhim, Maha Al-Qahtani, Ali Albalushi, and Sultan Akhtar. 2025. "Degradation Resistance of Next-Generation Dental Composites Under Bleaching and Immersion: A Multiscale Investigation" Prosthesis 7, no. 3: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7030057
APA StyleAhmed, S. Z., Al-Qahtani, S., Al-Qahtani, N. H., Al-Mulhim, H., Al-Qahtani, M., Albalushi, A., & Akhtar, S. (2025). Degradation Resistance of Next-Generation Dental Composites Under Bleaching and Immersion: A Multiscale Investigation. Prosthesis, 7(3), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7030057