Meditation Experience and Mindfulness Are Associated with Reduced Self-Reported Mind-Wandering in Meditators—A German Version of the Daydreaming Frequency Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods: Study A
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results: Study A
3.1. The Factorial Structure of the German Version of the DDFS
3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the DDFS
4. Materials and Methods: Study B
4.1. Participants
4.2. Instruments
4.3. Procedure
4.4. Statistical Analyses
5. Results: Study B
6. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean (SD) | Range |
---|---|---|
Sample A (n = 100) | ||
Age (years) | 23.91 (3.37) | 18–37 |
Education level (0–4) | 3 (.60) | 2–4 |
DDFS total score | 36.52 (8.14) | 20–56 |
Sample B (n = 99) | ||
Age (years) | 24.26 (5.82) | 20–58 |
Education level (0–4) | 3 (0) | 3 |
DDFS total score | 39.36 (7.22) | 20–53 |
Sample C (n = 94) | ||
Age (years) | 25.22 (3.69) | 18–35 |
Education level (0–4) | 3 (.51) | 2–4 |
Years of meditation experience | 3 (2.51) | 0.08–10 |
DDFS total score | 37.72 (8.06) | 15–56 |
Trait-mindfulness (FMI) Acceptance Presence Total score | ||
23.45 (3.03) | 16–30 | |
18.27 (3.26) | 13–42 | |
41.46 (4.32) | 33–53 | |
Sample D (n = 64) | ||
Age (years) | 43.40 (14.26) | 20–77 |
Education level (0–4) | 3 (.36) | 2–4 |
Years of meditation experience | 16.65 (12.28) | 2.7–46 |
DDFS total score | 33.43 (9.72) | 13–52 |
DDFS Items | Factor 1 |
---|---|
Explained variance | 47.5% |
1. I daydream | 0.84 |
2. Daydreams and fantasies make up… | 0.78 |
3. As regards daydreaming, I would characterize myself as someone who… | 0.75 |
4. I recall or think over my daydreams… | 0.61 |
5. When I am not paying attention to some job, book, or TV, I tend to be daydreaming… | 0.61 |
6. Instead of noticing events or people in the world around me, I will expend approximately… | 0.62 |
7. I daydream at work (or school)… | 0.62 |
8. Recalling things from the past, thinking of the future, or imagining unusual kinds of events occupies… | 0.61 |
9. I lose myself in active daydreaming | 0.77 |
10. Whenever I have time on my hands, I daydream… | 0.75 |
11. When I am at a meeting or show that is not very interesting, I daydream rather than paying attention… | 0.53 |
12. On a long bus, train, or airplane ride I daydream… | 0.69 |
DDFS Total Score | Meditation Experience | Age | |
---|---|---|---|
DDFS total score | 1 | ||
Meditation experience | −372 *** (−0.305 ***) | 1 | |
Age | −0.241 ** | 0.789 *** | 1 |
DDFS Total Score | Acceptance | Presence | FMI Total Score | Meditation Experience | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DDFS total score | 1 | ||||
Acceptance | −0.252 * (−0.253 *) | 1 | |||
Presence | −0.202 | 0.275 ** (0.272 **) | 1 | ||
FMI total score | −0.270 ** (−0.270 **) | 0.898 *** (0.898 ***) | 0.501 ** (0.500 ***) | 1 | |
Meditation experience | −0.358 *** (−0.369 ***) | 0.165 | 0.237 * (0.254 *) | 0.294 ** (0.318 **) | 1 |
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Linares Gutiérrez, D.; Pfeifer, E.; Schmidt, S.; Wittmann, M. Meditation Experience and Mindfulness Are Associated with Reduced Self-Reported Mind-Wandering in Meditators—A German Version of the Daydreaming Frequency Scale. Psych 2019, 1, 193-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010014
Linares Gutiérrez D, Pfeifer E, Schmidt S, Wittmann M. Meditation Experience and Mindfulness Are Associated with Reduced Self-Reported Mind-Wandering in Meditators—A German Version of the Daydreaming Frequency Scale. Psych. 2019; 1(1):193-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinares Gutiérrez, Damisela, Eric Pfeifer, Stefan Schmidt, and Marc Wittmann. 2019. "Meditation Experience and Mindfulness Are Associated with Reduced Self-Reported Mind-Wandering in Meditators—A German Version of the Daydreaming Frequency Scale" Psych 1, no. 1: 193-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010014