Size and Surface Charge Dependent Impregnation of Nanoparticles in Soft- and Hardwood †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles
2.2. Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles
2.3. Characterization of Nanoparticles
2.4. Wood Samples
2.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy and EDX-Mapping
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Particle Characterization
3.2. Impregnation of Beech Wood
3.3. Impregnation of Pine Wood
3.4. Influence of the Particle Surface on Impregnation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- European Industry Trade Association Representing the Pressure Treated Wood Industry. Available online: http://www.wei-ieo.org/woodpreservation.html (accessed on 17 March 2018).
- Mohajerani, A.; Vajna, J.; Ellcock, R. Chromated copper arsenate timber: A review of products, leachate studies and recycling. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 179, 292–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borazjani, H.; Ferguson, B.J.; McFarland, L.K.; McGinnis, G.D.; Pope, D.F.; Strobel, D.A.; Wagner, J.L. Evaluation of Wood-Treating Plant Sites for Land Treatment of Creosote- and Pentachlorophenol-Contaminated Soils. ACS Sym. Ser. 1990, 422, 252–266. [Google Scholar]
- Humphrey, D.G. The chemistry of chromated copper arsenate wood preservatives. Rev. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 22, 1–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02006R1907-20140410 (accessed on 14 March 2018).
- Humar, M.; Lesar, B. Fungicidal properties of individual components of copper–ethanolamine-based wood preservatives. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2008, 62, 46–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gadd, G.M. Interactions of fungip with toxic metals. New Phytol. 1993, 124, 25–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicholas, D. Performance of waterborne copper/organic wood preservatives in an AWPA E14 soft-rot laboratory soil bed test using modified soil. Holzforschung 2017, 71, 759–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, W.; Ruddick, J.N.R.; Kennepohl, P. Solubilisation and chemical fixation of copper(ii) in micronized copper treated wood. Dalton Trans. 2016, 45, 3679–3686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, W.; Kennepohl, P.; Ruddick, J.N. Reacted copper(II) concentrations in earlywood and latewood of micronized copper-treated Canadian softwood species. Holzforschung 2015, 69, 509–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmitt, S.; Zhang, J.; Shields, S.; Schultz, T.P. Copper-Based Wood Preservative Systems Used for Residential Applications in North America and Europe. ACS Symp. Ser. 2014, 1158, 217–225. [Google Scholar]
- Platten, W.E.; Luxton, P.T.; Gerke, T.; Harmon, S.; Sylvest, N.; Bradham, K.; Rogers, K. Release of Micronized Copper Particles from Pressure-Treated Wood Products; EPA Report; United States Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA, 2014. Available online: https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=307040&Lab=NRMRL (accessed on 14 March 2018).
- Civardi, C.; Bulcke, J.V.D.; Schubert, M.; Michel, E.; Butron, M.I.; Boone, M.; Dierick, M.; Van Acker, J.; Wick, P.; Schwarze, F.W.M. Penetration and Effectiveness of Micronized Copper in Refractory Wood Species. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0163124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Civardi, C.; Schubert, M.; Fey, A.; Wick, P.; Schwarze, F.W.M. Micronized Copper Wood Preservatives: Efficacy of Ion, Nano, and Bulk Copper against the Brown Rot Fungus Rhodonia placenta. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0142578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, J.; Zhang, W. Micronized Wood Preservative Formulations Comprising Copper and Zinc; Osmose, Inc.: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Leach, R.M.; Zhang, J. Micronized Wood Preservative Compositions. U.S. Patent Application 20060288904, 28 December 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Freeman, M.H.; McIntyre, C.R. A Comprehensive Review of Copper-Based Wood Preservatives. For. Prod. J. 2008, 58, 6–27. [Google Scholar]
- McCallan, S.E.A. The nature of the fungicidal action of copper and sulfur. Bot. Rev. 1949, 15, 629–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pankras, S.; Cooper, P.A. Effect of ammonia addition to alkaline copper quaternary wood preservative solution on the distribution of copper complexes and leaching. Holzforschung 2012, 66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freeman, M.H.; McIntyre, C.R. Micronized Copper Wood Preservatives: Strong indications of the Reservoir Effect. In Proceedings of the IRG Annual Meeting, Stockholm, Sweden, 16–20 June 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Clausen, C.A.; Kartal, S.N.; Arango, R.A.; Green, F. Erratum to: The role of particle size of particulate nano-zinc oxide wood preservatives on termite mortality and leach resistance. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2011, 6, 465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kartal, S.N.; Green, F.; Clausen, C. Do the unique properties of nanometals affect leachability or efficacy against fungi and termites? Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 2009, 63, 490–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghorbani, M.; Taghiyari, H.R.; Siahposht, H. Effects of heat treatment and impregnation with zinc-oxide nanoparticles on physical, mechanical, and biological properties of beech wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 727–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clar, J.; Platten, W.E.; Baumann, E.J.; Remsen, A.; Harmon, S.M.; Bennett-Stamper, C.L.; Thomas, T.A.; Luxton, T.P. Dermal transfer and environmental release of CeO2 nanoparticles used as UV inhibitors on outdoor surfaces: Implications for human and environmental health. Sci. Total. Environ. 2018, 613, 714–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Renneckar, S.; Zhou, Y. Nanoscale Coatings on Wood: Polyelectrolyte Adsorption and Layer-by-Layer Assembled Film Formation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2009, 1, 559–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nechyporchuk, O.; Bordes, R.; Köhnke, T. Wet Spinning of Flame-Retardant Cellulosic Fibers Supported by Interfacial Complexation of Cellulose Nanofibrils with Silica Nanoparticles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 39069–39077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geers, C.; Rodriguez-Lorenzo, L.; Peña, M.I.P.; Brodard, P.; Volkmer, T.; Rothen-Rutishauser, B.; Petri-Fink, A. Distribution of Silica-Coated Silver/Gold Nanostars in Soft- and Hardwood Applying SERS-Based Imaging. Langmuir 2015, 32, 274–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, Y.; Laks, P.; Heiden, P. Nanoparticles for the Controlled Release of Fungicides in Wood: Soil Jar Studies Using G. Trabeum and T. Versicolor Wood Decay Fungi. Holzforschung 2003, 57, 135–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evans, P.; Matsunaga, H.; Kiguchi, M. Large-scale application of nanotechnology for wood protection. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beecher, J.F. Wood, trees and nanotechnology. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 466–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stöber, W.; Fink, A.; Bohn, E. Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1968, 26, 62–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michen, B.; Geers, C.; Vanhecke, D.; Endes, C.; Rothen-Rutishauser, B.; Balog, S.; Petri-Fink, A. Avoiding drying-artifacts in transmission electron microscopy: Characterizing the size and colloidal state of nanoparticles. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 9793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- British Standards Institution. Wood Preservatives. Test Method for Determining the Protective Effectiveness against Wood Destroying Basidiomycetes. Determination of the Toxic Values. 1997. Available online: https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail?pid=000000000030112176 (accessed on 14 March 2018).
- Rahman, I.; Jafarzadeh, M.; Sipaut, C.S. Synthesis of organo-functionalized nanosilica via a co-condensation modification using γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Ceram. Int. 2009, 35, 1883–1888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sriramulu, D.; Reed, E.L.; Annamalai, M.; Venkatesan, T.V.; Valiyaveettil, S. Synthesis and Characterization of Superhydrophobic, Self-cleaning NIR-reflective Silica Nanoparticles. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 35993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wagenführ, R. Anatomie des Holzes: Struktur, Identifizierung, Nomenklatur, Mikrotechnologie, 5th ed.; DRW Verlag: Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Hass, P.; Wittel, F.K.; McDonald, S.A.; Marone, F.; Stampanoni, M.; Herrmann, H.J.; Niemz, P. Pore space analysis of beech wood: The vessel network. Holzforschung 2010, 64, 639–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kucera, L. Die dreidimensionale Strukturanalyse des Holzes. Holz Roh Werkst. 1975, 33, 276–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tondi, G.; Thevenon, M.F.; Mies, B.; Standfest, G.; Petutschnigg, A.; Wieland, S. Impregnation of Scots pine and beech with tannin solutions: Effect of viscosity and wood anatomy in wood infiltration. Wood Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 615–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Matsunaga, H.; Kiguchi, M.; Roth, B.; Evans, P. Visualisation of Metals in Pine Treated with Preservative Containing Copper and Iron Nanoparticles. IAWA J. 2008, 29, 387–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mencuccini, M.; Grace, J.; Fioravanti, M. Biomechanical and hydraulic determinants of tree structure in Scots pine: Anatomical characteristics. Tree Physiol. 1997, 17, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kilpeläinen, A.; Gerendiain, A.Z.; Luostarinen, K.; Peltola, H.; Kellomäki, S. Elevated temperature and CO(2) concentration effects on xylem anatomy of Scots pine. Tree Physiol. 2007, 27, 1329–1338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Clausen, C.A.; Green, F.; Kartal, S.N. Weatherability and Leach Resistance of Wood Impregnated with Nano-Zinc Oxide. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2010, 5, 1464–1467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dong, Y.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, S.; Li, J.; Wang, J. Flammability and physical–mechanical properties assessment of wood treated with furfuryl alcohol and nano-SiO2. Holz Roh Werkst. 2015, 73, 457–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soltani, M.; Najafi, A.; Yousefian, S.; Naji, H.; Bakar, E.S. Water Repellent Effect and Dimension Stability of Beech Wood Impregnated with Nano-Zinc Oxide. Bioresources 2013, 8, 6280–6287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alex, T. Short Communication: The clay nanoparticle impregnation for increasing the strength and quality of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) and white meranti (Shorea bracteolata) timber. Nusant. Biosci. 2017, 9, 107–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matsunaga, H.; Kiguchi, M.; Evans, P.D. Microdistribution of copper-carbonate and iron oxide nanoparticles in treated wood. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2008, 11, 1087–1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahltig, B.; Bottcher, H. Modified Silica Sol Coatings for Water-Repellent Textiles. J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol. 2003, 27, 43–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lourençon, T.V.; Mattos, B.; Cademartori, P.H.; Magalhães, W.L.E. Bio-oil from a fast pyrolysis pilot plant as antifungal and hydrophobic agent for wood preservation. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2016, 122, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Chai, Y.; Liu, J. Formation of highly hydrophobic wood surfaces using silica nanoparticles modified with long-chain alkylsilane. Holzforschung 2013, 67, 667–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pellegrino, T.; Manna, L.; Kudera, S.; Liedl, T.; Koktysh, D.; Rogach, A.L.; Keller, S.; Rädler, J.; Natile, G.; Parak, W.J. Hydrophobic Nanocrystals Coated with an Amphiphilic Polymer Shell: A General Route to Water Soluble Nanocrystals. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 703–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Particle Type | TEM (nm) | DLS (nm) | Zeta Potential (mV) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | EtOH | Water | EtOH | ||
APTES–SiO2 | 68.2 ± 10.6 | 935.2 | 110 | 41.6 | 46.3 |
SiO2 | 67.8 ± 10.2 | 88.8 | 68.8 | −37.5 | −33.1 |
PETES–SiO2 | 69.8 ± 6.6 | 89.8 | 99.8 | −34 | −30.1 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bossert, D.; Geers, C.; Placencia Peña, M.I.; Volkmer, T.; Rothen-Rutishauser, B.; Petri-Fink, A. Size and Surface Charge Dependent Impregnation of Nanoparticles in Soft- and Hardwood . Chemistry 2020, 2, 361-373. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2020023
Bossert D, Geers C, Placencia Peña MI, Volkmer T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. Size and Surface Charge Dependent Impregnation of Nanoparticles in Soft- and Hardwood . Chemistry. 2020; 2(2):361-373. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2020023
Chicago/Turabian StyleBossert, David, Christoph Geers, Maria Inés Placencia Peña, Thomas Volkmer, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, and Alke Petri-Fink. 2020. "Size and Surface Charge Dependent Impregnation of Nanoparticles in Soft- and Hardwood " Chemistry 2, no. 2: 361-373. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2020023