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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Comparative Evaluation of the Multispectral Platforms Sentinel-2, CBERS-04A, and UAV for Nitrogen Detection in Maize Crops

by
Heloisa Gomes
1,
Gustavo Ferreira da Silva
2,
Juliano Carlos Calonego
3,
Jéssica Pigatto de Queiroz Barcelos
4,
Vicente Marcio Cornago Junior
5 and
Fernando Ferrari Putti
1,*
1
Department of Rural Engineering and Socioeconomics, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
2
Department of Biotechnology and Plant and Animal Production, Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil
3
Department of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
4
Department of Agronomy, São Paulo Western University, Raposo Tavares Highway, km 572, Presidente Prudente 19067-175, SP, Brazil
5
Botucatu College of Technology (FATEC), Botucatu 18606-851, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
AgriEngineering 2025, 7(7), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7070201
Submission received: 13 May 2025 / Revised: 6 June 2025 / Accepted: 16 June 2025 / Published: 20 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing in Agriculture)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Multispectral images provide valuable indicators of crop nutritional status, playing a key role in strategies to reduce fertilizer use and enable supplementary applications in cases of nitrogen deficiency, thereby ensuring productivity and profitability for farmers. However, the diversity of remote sensing platforms (RSPs) makes the choice challenging, as there are few comparative studies. This study compares the remote sensing platforms Sentinel-2, CBERS-04A, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), assessing their accuracy in detecting different nitrogen doses (NDs) throughout the maize crop cycle in Botucatu-SP, using 10 vegetation indices (VIs). Six NDs were tested (0, 36, 84, 132, 180, and 228 kg ha−1 of nitrogen) in nine assessments during the crop cycle. The results showed that, at the V7 stage, the RSPs were effective in detecting the NDs in eight VIs. However, at the VT stage, only the Sentinel-2 and CBERS-04A satellites demonstrated effectiveness in six VIs. Despite the high correlation among the RSPs, the ability to distinguish the NDs varied depending on the vegetation index (VI) and phenological stage. These findings highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate VI and optimal timing, regardless of the chosen platform.
Keywords: multispectral satellite; UAV; vegetation index multispectral satellite; UAV; vegetation index

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gomes, H.; Silva, G.F.d.; Calonego, J.C.; Barcelos, J.P.d.Q.; Cornago Junior, V.M.; Putti, F.F. Comparative Evaluation of the Multispectral Platforms Sentinel-2, CBERS-04A, and UAV for Nitrogen Detection in Maize Crops. AgriEngineering 2025, 7, 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7070201

AMA Style

Gomes H, Silva GFd, Calonego JC, Barcelos JPdQ, Cornago Junior VM, Putti FF. Comparative Evaluation of the Multispectral Platforms Sentinel-2, CBERS-04A, and UAV for Nitrogen Detection in Maize Crops. AgriEngineering. 2025; 7(7):201. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7070201

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gomes, Heloisa, Gustavo Ferreira da Silva, Juliano Carlos Calonego, Jéssica Pigatto de Queiroz Barcelos, Vicente Marcio Cornago Junior, and Fernando Ferrari Putti. 2025. "Comparative Evaluation of the Multispectral Platforms Sentinel-2, CBERS-04A, and UAV for Nitrogen Detection in Maize Crops" AgriEngineering 7, no. 7: 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7070201

APA Style

Gomes, H., Silva, G. F. d., Calonego, J. C., Barcelos, J. P. d. Q., Cornago Junior, V. M., & Putti, F. F. (2025). Comparative Evaluation of the Multispectral Platforms Sentinel-2, CBERS-04A, and UAV for Nitrogen Detection in Maize Crops. AgriEngineering, 7(7), 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7070201

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