Exploring the Symbiotic Relationship between Digital Transformation, Infrastructure, Service Delivery, and Governance for Smart Sustainable Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How is a smart sustainable city conceptualized in the wake of existing two categories such as smart city and sustainable city?
- What roles do infrastructure, serviced delivery, digital transformation, and governance play in ‘smart cities’ and ‘sustainable cities’?
- What are the interconnectedness and symbiotic relationships between the four aspects—infrastructure, service delivery, governance, and digital transformation—in the context of smart sustainable cities?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy and Scholarly Sources
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusions
2.3. Organisation of the Literature
2.4. Analyses
- Defining smart sustainable cities.
- ▪
- Smart cities;
- ▪
- Sustainable cities;
- ▪
- Smart sustainable cities.
- Conceptual Framework for Smart Sustainable Cities.
- Role of infrastructure, serviced delivery, digital transformation and governance in ‘smart cities’ and ‘sustainable cities’.
- Interconnectedness and symbiotic relationships between the four aspects-infrastructure, service delivery, governance and digital transformation.
- ▪
- Digital Transformation and Infrastructure;
- ▪
- Infrastructure and Service Delivery;
- ▪
- Digital transformation and service delivery;
- ▪
- Service Delivery and Governance;
- ▪
- Governance and Digital Transformation;
- ▪
- Case Studies of successful symbiotic relationships.
3. Conceptualizing a Smart Sustainable City
3.1. Smart Cities
3.2. Sustainable Cities
3.3. Smart Sustainable Cities
3.4. A General Conceptual Framework for Smart Sustainable Cities
4. Role of Infrastructure, Serviced Delivery, Governance, and Digital Transformation in ‘Smart Cities’ and ‘Sustainable Cities’
5. Interconnectedness and Symbiotic Relationships between the Four Aspects—Infrastructure, Service Delivery, Governance, and Digital Transformation
5.1. Digital Transformation and Infrastructure
5.1.1. Defining Digital Transformation and Its Significance
5.1.2. Influence of Digitalization on the Development of Physical and Virtual Infrastructure
5.1.3. Digital Technologies for Optimizing Infrastructure Planning, Construction, and Maintenance
5.2. Infrastructure and Service Delivery
5.2.1. Relationship between Robust Infrastructure and Effective Service Delivery
5.2.2. The Influence of Well-Designed Infrastructure on Service Accessibility and Quality
5.2.3. Aligning Infrastructure Development with Evolving Service Demands
5.3. Digital Transformation and Service Delivery
5.3.1. Relationship between Service Delivery and Digital Transformation
5.3.2. Influence of Digital Transformation on Service Delivery
5.3.3. Aligning Digital Transformation with Service Delivery Demands
5.4. Service Delivery and Governance
5.4.1. Linkage between Efficient Service Delivery and Good Governance
5.4.2. Importance of Transparent Accountable Governance Practices for Improved Service Provision
5.4.3. People/Stakeholder Engagement and Data-Driven Decision-Making in Enhancing Governance
5.5. Governance and Digital Transformation
5.5.1. The Influence of Digital Tools and Platforms on Governance Structures and Processes
5.5.2. The Potential of E-Governance and Digital Platforms in Enhancing Citizen Participation and Accountability
5.5.3. Addressing the Challenges Related to Data Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Inclusivity in Digital Governance
5.6. Case Studies of Successful Symbiotic Relationships
5.6.1. Singapore
5.6.2. Estonia
5.6.3. India
5.6.4. United Kingdom
5.6.5. Rwanda
6. Discussion and Implications
6.1. Discussions
6.2. Implications
- Digital Transformation as a Catalyst for Change: Digital transformation, characterized by the integration of advanced technologies including AI, is pivotal in reshaping service delivery across government, healthcare, and education sectors. The adoption of digital tools would enhance transparency, efficiency, and decision-making, laying the foundation for responsive governance, which is pivotal for smart sustainable cities;
- Interconnected and Intelligent Infrastructure: The integration of digital technologies into physical and virtual infrastructure, such as IoT and smart technologies including AI, leads to an interconnected and intelligent world. This evolution breaks physical barriers and enhances the efficiency, resilience, and adaptability of infrastructure in cities;
- Impact on Infrastructure Planning and Construction: Digital transformation significantly impacts infrastructure planning, construction, and maintenance. Technologies like data analytics, GIS analysis, and BIM contribute to informed decision making, collaboration, and safety. Real-time monitoring through IoT and AR applications contribute to more efficient, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure development in cities;
- Infrastructure’s Role in Effective Service Delivery: Well-designed infrastructure plays a fundamental role in enhancing service accessibility and quality across various sectors. Challenges in public service provision, rooted in governance issues, can be addressed through digital technologies, overcoming information constraints and enhancing monitoring in smart sustainable cities;
- Contribution to Good Governance Principles: The nexus between infrastructure and effective service delivery aligns with principles of good governance, including transparency, accountability, responsiveness, and the rule of law. Digital tools and platforms amplify transparency, efficiency, and citizen engagement within governance structures, fostering public trust;
- Transformative Synergy of People’s Engagement and Data-Driven Decision-Making: The collaboration between people engagement and data-driven decision-making enhances transparency, responsiveness, and accountability in governance structures. This transformative synergy empowers people/stakeholders, promotes continuous improvement in policy evaluation, and supports adaptive governance structures.
7. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Prizzia, R. Sustainable development in an international perspective. In Handbook of Globalization and the Environment; Thai, K.V., Rahm, D., Coggburn, J.D., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2007; pp. 19–42. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations. Agenda 21. Rio de Janeiro: United Nations. The Triple Bottom Line: What Is It and How Does It Work? 1992. Available online: www.ibrc.indiana.edu (accessed on 2 October 2019).
- Slaper, T.F.; Hall, T.J. The Triple Bottom Line: What Is It and How Does It Work? Indiana Bus. Rev. 2011, 86. [Google Scholar]
- Bibri, S.E. Smart Sustainable Cities of the Future; The Urban Book Series; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Heinberg, R. What Is a Sustainable City? Edmont. Sustain. Pap. 2010, 5, 1–15. [Google Scholar]
- Hassan, A.M.; Lee, H. The paradox of the sustainable city: Definitions and examples. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2015, 17, 1267–1285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Girardet, H. Sustainable Cities: A contradiction in Terms? In The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Cities; Satterthwaite, D., Ed.; Routledge: London, UK, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Javidroozi, V.; Carter, C.; Grace, M.; Shah, H. Smart, Sustainable, Green Cities: A State-of-the-Art Review. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Das, D.; Chadchan, J. A proposed framework for an appropriate governance system to develop smart cities in India. Territ. Politics Gov. 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Praharaj, S.; Han, H. Cutting through the clutter of smart city definitions: A reading into the smart city perceptions in India. City Cult. Soc. 2019, 18, 100285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kitchin, R. The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. GeoJournal 2014, 79, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batty, M.; Axhausen, K.W.; Giannotti, F.; Pozdnoukhov, A.; Bazzani, A.; Wachowicz, M.; Ouzounis, G.; Portugali, Y. Smart cities of the future. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 2012, 214, 481–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cavada, M.; Hunt, D.V.L.; Rogers, C. Do smart cities realise their potential for lower carbon dioxide emissions? Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Eng. Sustain. 2016, 169, 243–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Townsend, A.M. Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia; WW Norton & Company: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Yigitcanlar, T.; O’Connor, K.; Westerman, C. The making of knowledge cities: Melbourne’s knowledge-based urban development experience. Cities 2008, 25, 63–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Das, D. Perspectives of smart cities in South Africa through applied systems analysis approach: A case of Bloemfontein. Constr. Econ. Build. 2020, 20, 65–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sokolov, A.; Veselitskaya, N.; Carabias, V.; Yildirim, O. Scenario-based identification of key factors for smart cities development policies. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2019, 148, 119279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Das, D.; Emuze, F. Smart city perspectives of Bloemfontein, South Africa. J. Constr. Proj. Manag. Innov. 2014, 4, 930–950. [Google Scholar]
- Giffinger, R.; Fertne, C.; Kramar, H.; Kalasek, R.; Pichler Milanović, N.; Evert, M. Smart Cities—Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities; Final Project Report; Centre of Regional Science, Vienna UT: Vienna, Austria, 2007; Available online: http://smartcity-ranking.org/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf (accessed on 24 January 2023).
- Lombardi, P. New challenges in the evaluation of Smart Cities. Netw. Ind. Q. 2011, 13, 8–10. [Google Scholar]
- Kourtit, K.; Nijkamp, P.; Arribas, D. Smart cities in perspective—A comparative European study by means of self-organizing maps. Innovation. Eur. J. Soc. Sci. Res. 2012, 25, 229–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Jong, M.; Joss, S.; Schraven, D. Sustainable-smart-resilient-low-carbon-eco-knowledge cities: Making sense of a multitude of concepts promoting sustainable urbanization. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 109, 25–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freeman, G. The Origin and Implementation of the Smart-Sustainable City Concept, The Case of Malmö, Sweden. Master’s Thesis, Lund University—University of Manchester, University of the Aegean, Central European University, Lund, Sweden, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Bibri, S.E.; Krogstie, J. Generating a vision for smart sustainable cities of the future: A scholarly backcasting approach. Eur. J. Futures Res. 2019, 7, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hollands, R.G. Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial? City 2008, 12, 303–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Höjer, M.; Wangel, S. Smart sustainable cities: Definition and challenges. In ICT Innovations for Sustainability; Hilty, L., Aebischer, B., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2015; pp. 333–349. [Google Scholar]
- Martin, C.J.; Evans, J.; Karvonen, A. Smart and sustainable? Five tensions in the visions and practices of the smart-sustainable city in Europe and North America. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2018, 133, 269–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Nasrawi, S.; Adams, C.; El-Zaart, A. A conceptual multidimensional model for assessing smart sustainable cities. J. Inf. Syst. Technol. Manag. 2015, 12, 541–558. [Google Scholar]
- Kramers, A.; Wangel, J.; Höjer, M. Smart sustainable cities: Exploring ICT solutions for reduced energy use in cities. Environ. Model. Softw. 2014, 56, 52–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahrokni, H.; Årman, L.; Lazarevic, D.; Nilsson, A.; Brandt, N. Implementing smart urban metabolism in the Stockholm Royal Seaport: Smart city SRS. J. Ind. Ecol. 2015, 19, 917–929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trindade, E.P.; Hinnig, M.P.F.; da Costa, E.M.; Marques, J.S.; Bastos, R.C.; Yigitcanlar, T. Sustainable development of smart cities: A systematic review of the literature. J. Open Innov. 2017, 3, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahvenniemi, H.; Huovila, A.; Pinto-Seppä, I.; Airaksinen, M. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities 2017, 60 Pt A, 234–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M.; El-Zaart, A.; Adams, C. Smart sustainable cities roadmap: Readiness for transformation towards urban sustainability. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2018, 37, 530–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bulkeley, H.; Castán Broto, V. Government by experiment? Global cities and the governing of climate change. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 2013, 38, 361–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castán Broto, V.; Bulkeley, H. A survey of urban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2013, 23, 92–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cugurullo, F.; Ponzini, D. The transnational smart city as urban ecomodernisation: The case of Masdar City in Abu Dhabi. In Inside Smart Cities: Place, Politics and Urban Innovation; Karvonen, A., Cugurullo, F., Caprotti, F., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2018; pp. 149–162. [Google Scholar]
- Kaika, M. Don’t call me Resilient Again! The New Urban Agenda as Immunology … or what happens when communities refuse to be vaccinated with ‘smart cities’ and indicators. Environ. Urban. 2017, 29, 89–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cugurullo, F. The smart city imaginary: From the dawn of modernity to the eclipse of reason. In The Routledge Companion to Urban Imaginaries; Lindner, C., Meissner, M., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Cugurullo, F. Dissecting the Frankenstein city: An examination of smart urbanism in Hong Kong, In Inside Smart Cities: Place, Politics and Urban Innovation; Karvonen, A., Cugurullo, F., Caprotti, F., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2019; pp. 30–44. [Google Scholar]
- Murray, M.J. Re-Engaging with Transnational Urbanism. In Locating Right to the City in the Global South; Samara, T.R., He, S., Chen, G., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2013; pp. 285–305. [Google Scholar]
- Coletta, C.; Heaphy, L.; Kitchin, R. From the accidental to articulated smart city: The creation and work of ‘Smart Dublin’. Eur. Urban Reg. Stud. 2019, 26, 349–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prasad, D.; Alizadeh, T.; Dowling, R. Smart city placebased outcomes in India: Bubble urbanism and socio-spatial fragmentation. J. Urban Des. 2022, 27, 483–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kramers, A.; Wangel, J.; Höjer, M. Governing the Smart Sustainable City: The case of Stockholm Royal Seaport. In Proceedings of the ICT for Sustainability, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 29 August–1 September 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bibri, S.E.; Krogstie, J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2017, 31, 183–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, J. A Matter of Record; University of Cambridge Press: Cambridge, UK, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Harrison, C.; Donnelly, I. A theory of smart cities. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Systems Sciences, York, UK, 17–22 July 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Cavada, M.; Hunt, D.; Rogers, C. Smart cities: Contradicting definitions and unclear measures. In Proceedings of the 4th World Sustainability Forum, Basel, Switzerland, 1–30 November 2014; Available online: http://www.sciforum.net/conference/wsf-4 (accessed on 16 June 2015).
- Datta, A. New urban utopias of postcolonial India: Entrepreneurial urbanization in Dholera Smart City, Gujarat. Dialog. Hum. Geogr. 2015, 5, 3–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- IBM. A Smarter Planet: The Next Leadership Agenda. Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations. 2008. Available online: https://www.cfr.org/event/smarter-planet-nextleadership-agenda (accessed on 25 February 2023).
- Komninos, N. Intelligent Cities: Innovation, Knowledge Systems and Digital Spaces; Spon Press: London, UK, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Shapiro, J.M. Smart cities: Quality of life, productivity, and the growth effects of human capital. Rev. Econ. Stat. 2008, 88, 324–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, B. The 10 Smartest Cities in North America. 2013. Available online: http://www.fastcoexist.com/3021592/the-10-smartest-cities-in-north-america (accessed on 18 March 2016).
- Mercer Study. 2014 Quality of Living Worldwide City Rankings—Mercer Survey. 2014. Available online: https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2014-quality-of-living-survey.html (accessed on 18 March 2016).
- Praharaj, S.; Han, J.H.; Hawken, S. Urban innovation through policy integration: Critical perspectives from 100 smart cities mission in India. City Cult. Soc. 2018, 12, 35–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Das, D. Exploring the Politico-Cultural Dimensions for Development of Smart Cities in India. Int. Rev. Spat. Plan. Sustain. Dev. 2017, 5, 79–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marsal-Llacuna, M.L.; Colomer-Llinàs, J.; Meléndez-Frigola, J. Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the Smart Cities initiative. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2015, 90, 611–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Belanche, D.; Casaló, L.; Orús, C. City attachment and use of urban services: Benefits for smart cities. Cities 2016, 50, 75–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.H.; Hancock, M.G.; Hu, M.C. Towards an effective framework for building smart cities: Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2014, 89, 80–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hancke, G.P.; de Carvalho e Silva, B.; Hancke, G.P., Jr. The Role of Advanced Sensing in Smart Cities. Sensors 2013, 13, 393–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouzguenda, I.; Alalouch, C.; Fava, N. Towards smart sustainable cities: A review of the role digital citizen participation could play in advancing social sustainability. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2019, 50, 101627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogers, R. Cities for a Small Planet, 1st ed.; Westview Press: Boulder, CO, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Brugmann, J. Is there a method in our measurement? The use of indicators in local sustainable development planning. Local Environ. 1997, 2, 59–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meadows, D. Leverage Points Places, to Intervene in a System; The Sustainability Institute: Hartland, VT, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Rode, P.; Burdett, R. Cities: Investing in energy and resource efficiency. In Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication; UNEP: Nairobi, Kenya, 2011; pp. 453–492. [Google Scholar]
- Koh, K.-L.; Gunawansa, A.; Bhullar, L. Eco-Cities and Sustainable Cities—Whither? Soc. Space 2010, 84, 84–92. [Google Scholar]
- UN. Planning Sustainable Cities: Policy Directions Global Report on Human Settlements 2009; UN-Habitat: New York, NY, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Wątróbski, J.; Bączkiewicz, A.; Ziemba, E.; Sałabun, W. Sustainable cities and communities assessment using the DARIA-TOPSIS method. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2022, 83, 103926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UN-Habitat. Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures; World Cities Report Nairobi; UN-Habitat: Nairobi, Kenya, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- ITU. Smart Sustainable Cities: An Analysis of Definitions; The International Telecommunication Union: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Neuman, M. Infrastructure Is Key to Make Cities Sustainable. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Plekhanov, D.; Franke, H.; Netland, T.H. Digital transformation: A review and research agenda. Eur. Manag. J. 2023, 41, 821–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UN DESA. E-Government Survey 2018: Gearing E-Government to Support Transformation towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Angel, S.; Parent, J.; Civco, D.L.; Blei, A.; Potere, D. The dimensions of global urban expansion: Estimates and projections for all countries, 2000–2050. Prog. Plan. 2011, 75, 53–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avis, J. Social Justice, Transformation and Knowledge: Policy, Workplace Learning and Skills; Routledge: London, UK, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Bollinger, L.A.; Kruk, M.E. Innovations to Expand Access and Improve Quality of Health Services, In Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2): Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health; Black, R., Laxminarayan, R., Temmerman, M., Walker, N., Eds.; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeithaml, V.A.; Bitner, M.J.; Gremler, D.D. What Are Services? McGraw Hi Education: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Noring, L.; Ohler, L.P.; Struthers, D. City Government Capacity and Patterns in Urban Development Project Governance. Urban Aff. Rev. 2021, 57, 1343–1371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pieterse, E. Urban governance and spatial transformation ambitions in Johannesburg. J. Urban Aff. 2019, 41, 20–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Nations. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. 2015. Available online: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf (accessed on 25 February 2023).
- Yin, Z.; Zhu, S. Consistencies and inconsistencies in urban governance and development. Cities 2020, 106, 102930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouckaert, G. Governance between Legitimacy and Efficiency Citizen Participation in the Belgian Fire Services. In Modern Governance New Government-Society Interactions; Kooiman, J., Ed.; Sage: Washington, DC, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Brenner, B.; Hartl, B. The perceived relationship between digitalization and ecological, economic, and social sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 315, 128128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caragliu, A.; Chiara, d.B.; Nijkamp, P. Smart cities in Europe. J. Urban Technol. 2011, 18, 65–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Del Río Castro, G.; Fernández, M.C.G.; Colsa, Á.U. Unleashing the convergence amid digitalization and sustainability towards pursuing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A holistic review. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 280, 122204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, T.; Yu, D.; Ye, L.; Yahya, M.H.; Zariyawati, M.A. Impact of digital city competitiveness on total factor productivity in the commercial circulation industry: Evidence from China’s emerging first-tier cities. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 2023, 10, 927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nam, T.; Pardo, T.A. Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context. In Proceedings of the ICEGOV Proceedings, 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, Tallinn, Estonia, 26–28 September 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anthopoulos, L.; Janssen, M.; Weerakkody, V.A. Unified Smart City Model (USCM) for Smart City Conceptualization and Benchmarking. Int. J. Electron. Gov. Res. (IJEGR) 2016, 12, 77–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giuliodori, A.; Berrone, P.; Ricart, J.E. Where smart meets sustainability: The role of Smart Governance in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in cities. BRQ Bus. Res. Q. 2023, 26, 27–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gil-Garcia, J.R.; Helbig, N.; Ojo, A. Being smart: Emerging technologies and innovation in the public sector. Gov. Inf. Q. 2014, 31, I1–I8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gil-Garcia, J.R.; Pardo, T.A.; Nam, T. What makes a city smart? Identifying core components and proposing an integrative and comprehensive conceptualization. Inf. Polity 2015, 20, 61–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- U4SSC. Collection Methodology for Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities, United for Smart Sustainable Cities (U4SSC) Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Project, N.D. Available online: https://u4ssc.itu.int/u4ssc-methodology/ (accessed on 16 October 2023).
- European Commission. Powering European Public Sector Innovation: Towards a New Architecture. 2013. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/powering-european-public-sector-innovation-towards-new-architecture (accessed on 16 October 2023).
- Mergel, I.; Edelmann, N.; Nathalie, H. Defining digital transformation: Results from expert interviews. Gov. Inf. Q. 2019, 36, 101385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zuiderwijk, A.; Chen, Y.; Salem, F. Implications of the use of artificial intelligence in public governance: A systematic literature review and a research agenda. Gov. Inf. Q. 2021, 38, 101577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ballestar, M.T.; Díaz-Chao, Á.; Sainz, J.; Torrent-Sellens, J. Knowledge, robots, and productivity in SMEs: Explaining the second digital wave. J. Bus. Res. 2020, 108, 119–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaglio, C.; Kraemer-Mbula, E.; Lorenz, E. The effects of digital transformation on innovation and productivity: Firm-level evidence of South African manufacturing micro and small enterprises. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2022, 182, 121785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meijer, A.; Bekkers, V. A meta-theory of e-government: Creating some order in a fragmented research field. Gov. Inf. Q. 2015, 32, 237–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berman, S.J. Digital transformation: Opportunities to create new business models. Strat. Leadersh. 2012, 40, 16–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verhoef, P.C.; Broekhuizen, T.; Bart, Y.; Bhattacharya, A.; Qi Dong, J.; Fabian, N.; Haenlein, M. Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda. J. Bus. Res. 2021, 122, 889–901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luna-Reyes, L.F.; Gil-Garcia, J.R. Digital government transformation and internet portals: The co-evolution of technology, organizations, and institutions. Gov. Inf. Q. 2014, 31, 545–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nograšek, J.; Vintar, M. E-government and organisational transformation of government: Black box revisited? Gov. Inf. Q. 2014, 31, 108–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galetsi, P.; Katsaliaki, K.; Kumar, S. Values, Challenges and Future Directions of Big Data Analytics in Healthcare: A Systematic Review. Soc. Sci. Med. 2019, 241, 112533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jahmunah, V.; Sudarshan, V.K.; Oh, S.L.; Gururajan, R.; Gururajan, R.; Zhou, X.; Tao, X.; Faust, O.; Ciaccio, E.J.; Ng, K.H.; et al. Future IoT tools for COVID-19 contact tracing and prediction: A review of the state-of-the-science. Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol. 2021, 31, 455–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaiser, F.K.; Wiens, M.; Schultmann, F. Use of Digital Healthcare Solutions for Care Delivery during a Pandemic-Chances and (Cyber) Risks Referring to the Example of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Health Technol. 2021, 11, 1125–1137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pittaway, J.J.; Montazemi, A.R. Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments. Gov. Inf. Q. 2020, 37, 101474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sousa, M.J.; Cruz, R.; Martins, J.M. Digital Learning Methodologies and Tools—A Literature Review. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Barcelona, Spain, 3–5 July 2017; pp. 5185–5192. [Google Scholar]
- Sousa, M.J.; Rocha, Á. Digital learning: Developing skills for digital transformation of organizations. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 2019, 91, 327–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sohrabi, B.; Iraj, H. Implementing flipped classroom using digital media: A comparison of two demographically different groups perceptions. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 60, 514–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Öhman, J. Towards a Digital (Societal) Infrastructure? Urban Stud. 2010, 47, 183–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ablyazov, T. Application of digital platforms in the urban infrastructure development. SHS Web Conf. 2021, 106, 01028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McMillan, L.; Varga, L. A review of the use of artificial intelligence methods in infrastructure systems. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 2022, 116, 105472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beaudet, G.; Shearmur, R. L’innovation Municipale: Sortir des Sentiers Battus; Les Presses de l’Universite de Montreal: Montréal, QC, Canada, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Pereira, G.V.; Luna-Reyes, L.F.; Gil-Garcia, J.R. Governance innovations, digital transformation and the generation of public value in Smart City initiatives. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, Athens Greece, 23–25 September 2020; pp. 602–608. [Google Scholar]
- Shkabatur, J. Municipalities at crossroads: Digital technology and local democracy in America. Brooklyn Law Rev. 2010, 76, 1413. [Google Scholar]
- Lafioune, N.; Poirier, E.A.; St-Jacques, M. Managing urban infrastructure assets in the digital era: Challenges of municipal digital transformation. Digit. Transform. Soc. 2023, 3, 3–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Apraez, B.E.; Lavrijssen, S. Exploring the regulatory challenges of a possible rollout of smart water meters in The Netherlands. Compet. Regul. Netw. Ind. 2019, 19, 159–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vuchkovski, D.; Zalaznik, M.; Mitręga, M.; Pfajfar, G. A look at the future of work: The digital transformation of teams from conventional to virtual. J. Bus. Res. 2023, 163, 113912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vial, G. Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. J. Strateg. Inf. Syst. 2019, 28, 118–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liyanage, S.; Abduljabbar, R.; Dia, H.; Tsai, P.W. AI-based neural network models for bus passenger demand forecasting using smartcard data. J. Urban Manag. 2022, 11, 365–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mortaheb, R.; Jankowski, P. Smart city re-imagined: City planning and GeoAI in the age of big data. J. Urban Manag. 2000, 12, 4–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aiyetan, A.; Das, D. Use of Drones for construction in developing countries: Barriers and strategic interventions. Int. J. Constr. Manag. 2023, 23, 2108026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kano, E.; Tachibana, S.; Tsuda, K. Analyzing the impact of digital technologies on the productivity of road maintenance operations. Procedia Comput. Sci. 2022, 207, 1623–1632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chowdhury, T.; Adafin, J.; Wilkinson, S. Review of digital technologies to improve productivity of New Zealand construction industry. J. Inf. Technol. Constr. 2019, 24, 569–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghaffarianhoseini, A.; Tookey, J.; Ghaffarianhoseini, A.; Naismith, N.; Azhar, S.; Efimova, O.; Raahemifar, K. Building Information Modelling (BIM) uptake: Clear benefits, understanding its implementation, risks and challenges. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 75, 1046–1053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solaimani, S.; Sedighi, M. Toward a holistic view on lean sustainable construction: A literature review. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 248, 119213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wall, K. The right to functioning urban infrastructure—A review. Town Reg. Plan. 2021, 79, 55–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Word Bank. Infrastructure Development: The Roles of the Public and Private Sectors World Bank Group’s Approach to Supporting Investments in Infrastructure; Word Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2005; p. 37554. [Google Scholar]
- Batley, R.; Mccourt, W.; Mcloughlin, C. The Politics and Governance of Public Services in Developing Countries. Public Manag. Rev. 2012, 14, 131–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finan, F.; Benjamin, A.; Pande, R. The Personnel Economics of the Olken the State; NBER Working Papers 21825; National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Calderón, C.; Serven, L. Infrastructure and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. J. Afr. Econ. 2010, 19 (Suppl. S1), 13–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Bank. World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends; World Bank Publications: Washington, DC, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Coutard, O.; Rutherford, J. Beyond the Networked City, Infrastructure Reconfigurations and Urban Change in the North and South London; Routledge: London, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haque, A.N.; Lemanski, C.; de Groot, J. Is (in)access to infrastructure driven by physical delivery or weak governance? Power and knowledge asymmetries in Cape Town, South Africa. Geoforum 2021, 126, 48–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lemanski, C. Citizenship and Infrastructure; Practices and Identities of Citizens and the State; Routledge: London, UK, 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, J.; Chen, Z. Impact of high-speed rail on the operational capacity of conventional rail in China. Transp. Policy 2021, 110, 354–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.; Zhao, Y.; Li, Y. The variation in the value of travel-time savings and the dilemma of high-speed rail in China. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2015, 82, 130–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, Y. The Faster, the Better? The Impact of Internet Speed on Employment (April 29, 2016). TPRC 44: The 44th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy. 2016. Available online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2772691 (accessed on 12 October 2019).
- Grimes, A.; Townsend, W. Effects of (ultra-fast) fibre broadband on student achievement. Inf. Econ. Policy 2018, 44, 8–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Untiliesone The Role of Fiber Optic Cables in High-Speed Internet Connectivity, 28 Aug 2023. 2023. Available online: https://utilitiesone.com/the-role-of-fiber-optic-cables-in-high-speed-internet-connectivity (accessed on 18 October 2023).
- Han, H.; Hai, C.; Wu, T.; Zhou, N. How does digital infrastructure affect residents’ healthcare expenditures? Evidence from Chinese microdata. Front. Public Health 2023, 11, 1122718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Minetaki, K.; Akematsu, Y.; Tsuji, M. Effect of e-health on medical expenditures of outpatients with lifestyle-related diseases. Telemed e-Health 2011, 17, 591–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamurcu, M.; Eren, T. Strategic Planning Based on Sustainability for Urban Transportation: An Application to Decision-Making. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wey, W.; Huang, J. Urban sustainable transportation planning strategies for livable City’s quality of life. Habitat Int. 2018, 82, 9–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jerome, J.; Patience Nel, D. Municipal infrastructure management and its impact on service delivery in the City of Ekurhuleni. Afr. Public Serv. Deliv. Perform. Rev. 2020, 9, a508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Veenstra, A.F.; Aagesen, G.; Janssen, M.; Krogstie, J. Infrastructures for Public Service Delivery: Aligning IT governance and architecture in infrastructure development. e-Serv. J. 2012, 8, 73–97. Available online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/eservicej.8.3.73 (accessed on 15 September 2023). [CrossRef]
- Lemos, M.H.; Charles, G. Public Programs, Private Financing. Law Contemp. Probl. 2018, 81, 137–160. Available online: https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol81/iss3/7 (accessed on 15 September 2023).
- Cornwall, A. Introduction: New Democratic Spaces? The Politics and Dynamics of Institutionalised Participation. IDS Bull. 2017, 48, 1–10. Available online: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/13219/48.1A_10.190881968-2017.144.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 15 September 2023). [CrossRef]
- Kashwan, P.; MacLean, L.M.; García, L.; Gustavo, A. Rethinking power and institutions in the shadows of neoliberalism. World Dev. 2019, 120, 133–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babon-Ayeng, P.; Oduro-Ofori, E.; Owusu-Manu, D.G.; Edwards, D.J.; Kissi, E.; Kukah, A.S.K. Socio-political factors underlying the adoption of green bond financing of infrastructure projects: The case of Ghana. J. Common Mark. Stud. 2022, 6, 304–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- OECD. Report on Green, Social and Sustainability Bonds Issued by Multilateral Development Banks and Its Use for Infrastructure Financing, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs, Committee on Financial Markets. 2023. Available online: https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/CMF/AS(2023)3/REV2/en/pdf (accessed on 12 November 2023).
- Singla, A.; Shumberger, J.; Swindell, D. Paying for infrastructure in the post-recession era: Exploring the use of alternative funding and financing tools. J. Urban Aff. 2019, 43, 526–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alahi, M.E.E.; Sukkuea, A.; Tina, F.W.; Nag, A.; Kurdthongmee, W.; Suwannarat, K.; Mukhopadhyay, S.C. Integration of IoT-Enabled Technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Smart City Scenario: Recent Advancements and Future Trends. Sensors 2023, 23, 5206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Das, D. Revitalising the Centres of South African Cities through Information Communication Technology. Urban Plan. 2021, 6, 228–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, K.P. Artificial intelligence for governance in India: Prioritizing the challenges using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng. 2019, 8, 3756–3762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janssen, M.; Brous, P.; Estevez, E.; Barbosa, L.S.; Janowski, T. Data governance: Organizing data for trustworthy artificial intelligence. Gov. Inf. Q. 2020, 37, 101493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McQuivey, J. Digital Disruption: Unleashing the Next Wave of Innovation; Forrester Research: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Ross, J.W.; Beath, C.; Mocker, M. Designed for Digital: How to Architect Your Business for Sustained Success; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Westerman, G.; Bonnet, D.; McAfee, A. Leading Digital: Turning Technology into Business Transformation; Harvard Business Review Press: Brighton, MA, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Fatima, S.; Desouza, K.C.; Dawson, G.S. National strategic artificial intelligence plans: A multi-dimensional analysis. Econ. Anal. Policy 2020, 67, 178–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toll, D.; Lindgren, I.; Melin, U.; Madsen, C.Ø. Artificial intelligence in Swedish policies: Values, benefits, considerations and risks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Government, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy, 2–4 September 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Ojo, A.; Mellouli, S.; Ahmadi Zeleti, F. A realist perspective on AI-era public management. In Proceedings of the 20th annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 18–20 June 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Gesk, T.S.; Leyer, M. Artificial intelligence in public services: When and why citizens accept its usage. Gov. Inf. Q. 2022, 39, 101704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bokhari, S.A.A.; Myeong, S. Artificial Intelligence-Based Technological-Oriented Knowledge Management, Innovation, and E-Service Delivery in Smart Cities: Moderating Role of E-Governance. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 8732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomes de Sousa, W.; de Melo, E.R.P.; Bermejo, P.H.D.S.; Farias, R.A.S.; Gomes, A.O. How and where is artificial intelligence in the public sector going? A literature review and research agenda. Gov. Inf. Q. 2019, 36, 101392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuziemski, M.; Misuraca, G. AI governance in the public sector: Three tales from the frontiers of automated decision-making in democratic settings. Telecomm Policy 2020, 44, 101976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brinkerhoff, D.W.; Hertz, J.C.; Wetterberg, A. Introduction: Governance, Social Accountability, and Sectoral Service Delivery. In Governance and Service Delivery Practical Applications of Social Accountability Across Sectors; Wetterberg, A., Brinkerhoff, D.W., Hertz, J.C., Eds.; RTI Press: Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2016; pp. 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Brinkerhoff, D.W.; Wetterberg, A. Cross-Sectoral Social Accountability in Practice: Analytical Framework and Background. In Governance and Service Delivery Practical Applications of Social Accountability Across Sectors; Wetterberg, A., Brinkerhoff, D.W., Hertz, J.C., Eds.; RTI Press: Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2016; pp. 9–30. [Google Scholar]
- Thusi, X.; Selepe, M.M. The Impact of Poor Governance on Public Service Delivery: A Case Study of the South African Local Government. Int. J. Soc. Sci. Res. Rev. 2023, 6, 688–697. [Google Scholar]
- Helliwell, J.F.; Huang, H.; Grover, S.; Wang, S. Empirical linkages between good governance and national well-being. J. Comp. Econ. 2018, 46, 1332–1346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moolman, S.; Van Der Waldt, G. The Effectiveness of Financial Governance Structures in the South African Public Sector. Afr. J. Public Aff. 2022, 13, 1–26. Available online: https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-ajpa_v13_n1_a2 (accessed on 17 September 2023).
- OECD. Principles of Corporate Governance. 2015. Available online: https://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/Corporate-Governance-Principles-ENG.pdf (accessed on 12 November 2023).
- Maela, K.D.; Selepe, M. The Nuts and Bolts of Public Participation and Good Governance in South Africa: A Critical Review. Int. J. Soc. Sci. Res. Rev. 2023, 6, 238–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, C.; Nyaranga, M.S.; Hongo, D.O. Enhancing Public Participation in Governance for Sustainable Development: Evidence from Bungoma County, Kenya. SAGE Open 2022, 12, 21582440221088855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marzuki, A. Challenges of public participation and the decision-making process. Soc. Spas 2015, 53, 21–39. [Google Scholar]
- Wirtz, B.W.; Müller, W.M. An integrated artificial intelligence framework for public management. Public Manag. Rev. 2019, 21, 1076–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexopoulos, C.; Lachana, Z.; Androutsopoulou, A.; Diamantopoulou, V.; Charalabidis, Y.; Loutsaris, M.A. How machine learning is changing e-government. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, Melbourne, Australia, 3–5 April 2019; pp. 354–363. [Google Scholar]
- Ben Rjab, A.; Mellouli, S. Artificial intelligence in smart cities: Systematic literature network analysis. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, Melbourne, Australia, 3–5 April 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Androutsopoulou, A.; Karacapilidis, N.; Loukis, E.; Charalabidis, Y. Transforming the communication between citizens and government through AI-guided chatbots. Gov. Inf. Q. 2019, 36, 358–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKelvey, F.; MacDonald, M. Artificial intelligence policy innovations at the Canadian Federal Government. Can. J. Commun. 2019, 44, 43–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mikhaylov, S.J.; Esteve, M.; Campion, A. Artificial intelligence for the public sector: Opportunities and challenges of cross-sector collaboration. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2018, 376, 20170357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, T.Q.; Medaglia, R. Mapping the challenges of Artificial Intelligence in the public sector: Evidence from public healthcare. Gov. Inf. Q. 2019, 36, 368–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ben Rjab, A.; Mellouli, S. Smart cities in the era of artificial intelligence and internet of things: A literature review from 1990 to 2017. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research: Governance in the Data Age, Delft, The Netherlands, 30 May–1 June 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Dwivedi, Y.K.; Hughes, L.; Ismagilova, E.; Aarts, G.; Coombs, C.; Crick, T.; Duan, Y.; Dwivedi, R.L.; Edwards, J.; Eirug, A.; et al. Artificial intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2019, 57, 101994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bullock, J.B. Artificial intelligence, discretion, and bureaucracy. Am. Rev. Public Adm. 2019, 49, 751–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pencheva, I.; Esteve, M.; Mikhaylov, S.J. Big data and AI–A transformational shift for government: So, what next for research? Public Policy Adm. 2020, 35, 24–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Available online: https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/about-smart-nation/digital-government/#the-progress-so-far (accessed on 16 August 2023).
- Yew, L.K. Singapore’s Smart Nation Initiative—A Policy and Organisational Perspective, National University of Singapore. 2018. Available online: https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/166330 (accessed on 16 August 2023).
- Digital Government. HealthCerts, Singapore. Available online: https://www.healthcerts.gov.sg (accessed on 16 August 2023).
- Available online: https://e-estonia.com (accessed on 16 August 2023).
- Nilekani, N. India’s Aadhaar System: Bringing E-Government to Life, Governance Matters Magazine, ND. Available online: https://www.chandlerinstitute.org/governancematters/indias-aadhaar-system-bringing-e-government-to-life (accessed on 29 December 2023).
- Ojha, S. Unified Payments Interface: Why Made-in-India UPI is Becoming a Global Favourite? Mint, 23 Oct 2023. 2023. Available online: https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/unified-payments-interface-why-made-in-india-upi-is-becoming-a-global-favourite-11698047714911.html (accessed on 29 December 2023).
- OECD. In Practice, The United Kingdom’s Holistic Approach to Digital Development. 2021. Available online: https://www.oecd.org/development-cooperation-learning/practices/the-united-kingdom-s-holistic-approach-to-digital-development-0fe713ee/ (accessed on 29 December 2023).
- UKRI. £4.5m Digital Transformation Support for SMEs Across the UK, United Kingdom Research Innovation. 11 May 2023. 2023. Available online: https://www.ukri.org/news/4-5m-digital-transformation-support-for-smes-across-the-uk/ (accessed on 29 December 2023).
- UNECA. Digital Technology Key to Property Management-Technologies Like Drones Help Collect Land Photos for Image Analysis, and in the Demarcation of Plot Boundaries. Conference on Land Policy in Africa. 2021. 2021. Available online: https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2021/digital-technology-key-property-management (accessed on 30 December 2023).
- Ali, D.; Deininger, K.; Duponchel, M. New Ways to Assess and Enhance Land Registry Sustainability: Evidence from Rwanda. World Dev. 2017, 99, 377–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alford, J.; O’Flynn, J. Making sense of public value: Concepts, critiques and emergent meanings. Int. J. Public Adm. 2009, 32, 171–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Literature Source | Numbers | Share (%) |
---|---|---|
Journal articles | 130 | 65.82 |
Conference Proceedings | 13 | 6.63 |
Books | 17 | 8.67 |
Book chapters | 11 | 5.61 |
Report | 25 | 12.76 |
Thesis | 1 | 0.51 |
Total | 196 | 100.00 |
Infrastructure | Service Delivery | Governance | Digital Transformation |
---|---|---|---|
Basic water supply system | Drinking water quality | Citizen participation in decision-making and implementation | Household internet access, fixed broadband subscriptions |
Potable water supply system | Water consumption | Responsiveness | Wireless broadband subscriptions |
Wastewater collection system | Freshwater consumption | Emergency service response time | Wireless broadband coverage |
Household sanitation system | Wastewater treatment solid Waste treatment | Police service | Availability of WIFI in public areas |
Electricity including renewable energy infrastructure | Electricity consumption, electricity system outage time, electricity system outage frequency, renewable energy consumption, residential thermal energy consumption | Fire service, crime prevention, traffic facilities childcare availability, natural disaster-related activities, disaster-related economic plans, resilience plans | Household internet access, fixed broadband subscriptions, student ICT access, electronic health records, digital financing/banking/payment system |
Public transport network | EMF exposure, noise exposure | ||
Bicycle network | Bicycling | ||
Transportation mode share | Efficient transportation | ||
Shared bicycles | Bicycling | ||
Shared vehicles | Ride share | ||
Low-carbon emission passenger vehicles | Low air pollution | ||
Public transport network convenience | Travel time index | ||
Pedestrian infrastructure | Public building sustainability | ||
Public buildings | Public building energy consumption | ||
Integrated building management systems in public buildings | Sustainable and efficient buildings | ||
Cultural infrastructure | Cultural activities | ||
Informal settlements | Residential facilities for bioadvected groups | ||
Open green spaces/green areas | Green area accessibility | ||
Protected natural areas | Environmental sustainability | ||
Recreational facilities | Outdoor recreation |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Das, D.K. Exploring the Symbiotic Relationship between Digital Transformation, Infrastructure, Service Delivery, and Governance for Smart Sustainable Cities. Smart Cities 2024, 7, 806-835. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7020034
Das DK. Exploring the Symbiotic Relationship between Digital Transformation, Infrastructure, Service Delivery, and Governance for Smart Sustainable Cities. Smart Cities. 2024; 7(2):806-835. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7020034
Chicago/Turabian StyleDas, Dillip Kumar. 2024. "Exploring the Symbiotic Relationship between Digital Transformation, Infrastructure, Service Delivery, and Governance for Smart Sustainable Cities" Smart Cities 7, no. 2: 806-835. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7020034
APA StyleDas, D. K. (2024). Exploring the Symbiotic Relationship between Digital Transformation, Infrastructure, Service Delivery, and Governance for Smart Sustainable Cities. Smart Cities, 7(2), 806-835. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7020034