Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
- What is the definition of smart cities?
- What was the budget allocation for smart cities research, development, and procurement?
- What type of smart city applications are currently being deployed?
- What quantitative techniques are being utilized in smart cities to analyze benefits and costs?
- What metrics are used to prioritize and select smart city projects?
- What are the advocated benefits/costs versus achieved benefits/costs?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of smart city initiatives?
- How are smart city solutions being implemented in international contexts?
- What are the underlying root causes for smart city implementation challenges?
- What are the strategies and solutions that cities have employed to overcome the challenges of implementing smart city initiatives?
Literature Analytics
3. Discussion
3.1. Smart City Definitions
“Smart cities use digital technologies, communication technologies, and data analytics, to create an efficient and effective service environment that improves urban quality of life and promotes sustainability.”
3.2. Budget Allocation for Smart Cities—What We Know and What We Do Not Know
3.3. Smart City Applications
3.3.1. Healthcare
3.3.2. Governance
3.3.3. Environment
3.3.4. Transportation
3.3.5. Energy
3.3.6. Safety and Security
3.3.7. Infrastructure
3.3.8. Education
3.3.9. Summary
3.4. Quantitative Techniques for Analyzing Benefits and Costs in Smart Cities
3.5. Prioritizing Smart City Projects: Metrics
3.6. Advoated versus Achieved Benefits and Costs
3.7. Advantages and Disadvantages
3.8. Smart City Solutions in International Contexts
3.8.1. Implementation of Smart City Solutions
3.8.2. Tailoring Smart City Solutions to Meet Local Needs
3.8.3. Promoting Sustainable Development and Enhancing Quality of Life
3.9. Uncovering the Root Causes: Challenges in Implementing Smart City Solutions
3.10. Strategies and Solutions Employed by Cities to Meet the Challenges
3.11. Major Research Findings
3.11.1. Collaboration Is Key
3.11.2. Data Are Critical
3.11.3. Citizen Engagement Is Critical
3.11.4. Sustainability Is Important
3.11.5. Technology Is Not a Silver Bullet
3.11.6. Smart Cities Are Ongoing Processes
4. Comparison with Previous Smart Cities Literature Searches
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Database | Keyword(s) | # Identified | Used? |
---|---|---|---|
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” | 10,505 | No |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “army” | 19 | No |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart installations” | 4 | No |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart installations” AND “army” | 0 | No |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “lessons learned” | 51 | Yes |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “lessons learned” AND “United States” | 3 | Yes |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “lessons learned” AND “world” | 14 | No |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “applications” | 2674 | No |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “applications” AND “weather” | 40 | Yes |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “funding” | 840 | No |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “funding” | 20 | Yes |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “IoT” | 2340 | No |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “IoT” and “Weather” | 39 | Yes |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “procurement” | 31 | Yes |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “challenges” | 2120 | Yes |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “benefits” AND “challenges” | 177 | Yes |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart cities” AND “development” AND “location” | 189 | No |
Web of Science Core Collection | “Smart city” and “metrics” | 157 | Yes |
Google Scholar | “Smart city” AND “challenges” AND “solutions” | 18 | Yes |
Google Scholar | “Smart city” AND “implementation” AND “challenges” | 33 | Yes |
Google Scholar | “Smart cities” AND “definition” | 14 | Yes |
Google Scholar | “Smart city” AND “applications” | 42 | Yes |
Definition | Reference |
---|---|
“One that employs ICT to fulfill market demand, i.e., the citizens.”; “An ultra-modern urban area that addresses the needs of businesses, institutions, and especially citizens.” | [5] |
“Smart and sustainable cities are expected to form a cornerstone for achieving resource efficiency and sustainability worldwide.” | [11] |
“Smart city uses sensor technology and intelligent technologies to realize automatic, real-time operations, and comprehensive perception of urban operations on the basis of Digital City.” | [12] |
“Smart cities are comprised of diverse and interconnected components constantly exchanging data and facilitating improved living for a nation’s population.” | [13] |
“A smart city employs a combination of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures encouraging application innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and covering dimensions that include: utilities, health, transportation, entertainment, and government services.” | [14] |
“Smart cities are: 1) sensible (sensors sense the environment) 2) connectable (networked devices bring the sensed information to the Web) 3) accessible (information on our environment is published and is accessible by users on the Web) 4) ubiquitous (users can access information at any time and in any place, while moving) 5) sociable (users acquiring information can publish it through their social network) 6) sharable (sharing is not limited to data, but also to physical objects that may be used when they are in free status), and 7) visible/augmented (the physical environment is retrofitted and information is seen not only by individuals through mobile devices, but also in physical places such as street signs.” | [15] |
“Cities that contain intelligent things which can intelligently automatically and collaboratively enhance life quality, save people’s lives, and act as sustainable resource ecosystems.” | [16] |
“A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, the efficiency of urban operations and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of the present and future generations concerning economic, social and environmental aspects.” | [17] |
“Smart cities are aimed to efficiently manage growing urbanization, energy consumption, maintain a green environment, improve economic and living standards of their citizens and raise people’s capabilities to efficiently use modern information and communication technology (ICT).” | [18] |
“Smart cities employ information and communication technologies to improve: the quality of life for its citizens, local economy, transport, traffic management and interaction with government.” | [2] |
“A smart city aims to improve citizens’ quality of life and build a sustainable urban environment by using modern advanced information and communication technology (ICT).”; “A smart city is a system that enhances human and social capital wisely using and interacting with natural and economic resources via technology-based solutions and innovations to address public issues and efficiently achieve sustainable development and high quality of life.” | [19] |
“Smart city is an urban environment that utilizes ICT and other related technologies to enhance performance efficiency of regular city operations and quality of services (QoS) provided to urban citizens.” | [20] |
“A smart city utilizes urban informatics and technologies for providing city services on a larger scale. It offers improved quality of life and a variety of innovative services such as energy, transport, healthcare, etc…” | [21] |
“Connecting the physical, IT, social, and business infrastructures to leverage the collective intelligence of the city.” | [4] |
“In smart city architecture, information and communication technologies are used to improve living standards and its management by citizens and government.” | [22] |
“The city that makes optimal use of all the interconnected information available today to better understand and control its operations and optimise the use of limited resources” | [23] |
“Smart City is Use/Innovation of Technology/ICT coupled with favorable government policies that promote the development of infrastructure, ease of doing business and citizen engagement leading to sustainable economic growth and citizen satisfaction through improved quality of life.” | [24] |
(1) Proposed definition: “A smart city is said to be learn from Experience (E) with respect to some take (T), some performance measure (P) and resource optimization (O), if its performance on (T) as measured by (P) with respect to resource optimization (O) then task is improve with experience (E).” (2) Technical definition: IBM defines a smarter city as “one that makes optimal use of all the interconnected information available today to better understand and control its operations and optimize the use of limited resources.” (3) Citizen purposeful definition: According to the Manchester Digital Development agency, “a ‘smart city’ means ‘smart citizens’ -- where citizens have all the information they need to make informed choices about their lifestyle, work and travel options.” | [25] |
“Smart city is the idea of creating a sustainable living environment along with state-of-the-art technology (ICT) integration.”; “A smart city is a self-containing city that focuses on people’s QoL above everything else.” | [26] |
“A smart city has been generally defined as a developed urban area that uses information and technology (ICT), human capital and social capital in order to promote sustainable socio-economic growth and a high quality of life.” | [27] |
“A smart city is a complex cyber-socio-technical system where human, cyber artifacts, and technical systems interact together to the purpose of achieving a goal related to the quality of life in urban areas.” | [28] |
“A set of instruments across many scales that are connected through multiple networks and provide continuous data regarding people and environment in support of decisions about the physical and social form of the city.” | [29] |
“A city that invests in human and social capital, political participation of citizens, management of natural resources, and traditional and modern networked infrastructure.” | [30] |
“Smart cities are cities that balance economic, environmental, and societal advances to improve the wellbeing of residents through a widespread introduction of ICT and other technological tools.” | [31] |
“City that increases the pace at which it provides social, economic, and environmental sustainability outcomes and responds to challenges such as climate change, rapid population growth, and political and economic instability by fundamentally improving how it engages society, applies collaborative leadership methods, works across disciplines and city systems, and uses data information and modern technologies to deliver better city (residents, businesses, visitors), now and for the foreseeable future, without unfair disadvantage of others or degradation of the natural environment.” | [32] |
“A smart city is a system integration of technological infrastructure that relies on advanced data processing with the goals of making city governance more efficient, citizens happier, businesses more prosperous and the environment more sustainable.” | [1] |
“A city is smart if investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance” | [33] |
A smart city is the concept could be briefly described as cities that “use information and communication technologies in order to increase the quality of life of their inhabitants while contributing to a sustainable development.” | [34] |
Smart city is “a futuristic approach to alleviate obstacles triggered by ever-increasing population and fast urbanization which is going to benefit the governments as well as the masses.” Smart cities are “an endeavor to make cities more efficient, sustainable and livable.” | [35] |
“A smart city is a utopian vision of a city that produces wealth, sustainability, and well-being by using technologies to tackle wicked problems.” | [36] |
“Smart cities are urban areas in which information and communication technologies are used to solve their specific problems and support their sustainable development in social, economic and/or environmental terms.” | [37] |
“A smart city is capable of identifying its problems and mitigating root causes by generating and processing engineered quality data in a continuous and inclusive matter.” | [38] |
“A smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital solutions for the benefit of its inhabitants and business.” | [39] |
“A smart city is an urban area that uses technological or non-technological services or products that: enhance the social and ethical wellbeing of its citizens; provide quality, performance and interactivity of urban services to reduce costs and resource consumption; and increase contact between citizens and government.” | [40] |
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Improved quality of life | High implementation costs |
Enhanced economic growth | Increased privacy and security concerns |
Increased sustainability | Lack of standardization |
Improved efficiency | Difficulty integrating into existing infrastructure |
Increased interoperability between different systems | Unequal distribution of benefits across different socio-economic groups is a plausible scenario |
Promotes innovation | Potential displacements effects due to gentrification |
Enhanced governance | Potential job displacement |
Paper Comparison Factor | Anthopoulos [88] | Winkowska, J., Szpilko, D. and Pejić, S. [89] | Camero, A. and Alba, E. [90] | Laufs, J., Borrion, H. and Bradford, B. [91] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Year Published | 2015 | 2019 | 2019 | 2020 |
Type of Literature Review | 32 International Journals, “non-systematic search” | bibliometric analysis using Visualization of Similarities | analysis of all CS/IT publications on smart city, using data analysis techniques. | systematic review |
Focus | Smart city domain | Smart city concept | Smart city and information technology | Security and smart city |
Research Sources | SCOPUS, Science Direct, Google Scholar 1998 to 2014 | Scopus and Web of Science, January 2009 to May 2019 | Web of Science, to 1997 to October 2017 | Scopus, Web of Science, Proquest, Zetoc, Technology specific databases: IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library and Grey Literature Databases: British Library EThOS; Open Grey 2009–2018 |
Research focus | “discover and classify the particular schools of thought, universities and research centres, and companies that deal with smart city domain and discover alternative approaches, models, architecture and frameworks” | ‘identify the areas of research analysed in the international literature in the field of smart cities.’ | “explores the computer science and information technology literature about Smart City” | “explores the recent literature concerned with new ‘smart city’ security technologies” |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Gracias, J.S.; Parnell, G.S.; Specking, E.; Pohl, E.A.; Buchanan, R. Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review. Smart Cities 2023, 6, 1719-1743. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6040080
Gracias JS, Parnell GS, Specking E, Pohl EA, Buchanan R. Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review. Smart Cities. 2023; 6(4):1719-1743. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6040080
Chicago/Turabian StyleGracias, Jose Sanchez, Gregory S. Parnell, Eric Specking, Edward A. Pohl, and Randy Buchanan. 2023. "Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review" Smart Cities 6, no. 4: 1719-1743. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6040080