Planning Principles for Integrating Community Empowerment into Zero-Net Carbon Transformation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Political Governance Facilitators
2.2. Sociotechnical Facilitators
2.3. Techno-Economic Facilitators
2.4. Planning Process Assumptions
2.4.1. Environmental and Socioeconomic Context-Based
2.4.2. Integrating 3E Assessments into Planning Processes
2.4.3. Flexible Strategic Energy System Planning
- (1)
- a strategic position for promoting lifestyle changes related to the actual relationship between the community and its environmental and socioeconomic context at a specific point in time;
- (2)
- Strategic green technology applications, which refer to an intended relationship and consist of a set of integrated energy systems. The integration of EE and RE systems is designed to maximize the benefits of reducing costs, land usage, and environmental impacts; and
- (3)
- energy performance monitoring, which is applied in the overall steps to evaluate the progress of achievements. The review of the effects and benefits that can be achieved becomes a starting point for the community to take action on sustainable behavior change and energy conservation.
2.4.4. Identifying 3E Performance Indicators
- (1)
- Participants: key stakeholders, agency players, experts, and local people to select a set of system indicators to avoid information overload;
- (2)
- Leadership discussion: addressing difficulties and controversial issues to increase opportunities for learning and change; and
- (3)
- Prioritizing indicators: the potential action for selecting the forthcoming indicators should meet the actual policy proposed.
3. Methods and Materials
- (1)
- Coordination of meeting minutes from the Pinglin district office and community member meetings (4 times), community representative meetings (2 times), meetings with government staff (monthly), report reviewing committee and local authority meetings (3 times) were collected and analyzed for elements of community participation.
- (2)
- Participant observations were observed at coordination meetings, public presentations, and workshops presented by members of the Pinglin LCC project to identify the key elements of community participation in research.
- (3)
- In-depth individual interviews were conducted with key informants in different process steps during the planning work, including the head representatives of seven villages, community actors, university scholars, and municipal and central government officials involved in the LCC project. The purpose of the individual interviews was to gain a deeper understanding of the experience of participating in a research project in which community involvement was both valued and a necessary requirement.
- (4)
- A semi-structured guide was developed based on the following factors: CFI, perception of RE technology, acceptance of developing Pinglin LCC, and resident and landowner stakeholders. The assessment and planning of the PV, wind turbine, and hydro-energy system were provided by 3 RE technology companies.
- (5)
- Focus group workshops were conducted with key working groups, which have been shown to be effective for the dynamic exploration of differing experiences and perceptions and were therefore a valuable inclusion in this research project. In this manner, differences in some perceptions and consensuses on others were investigated.
4. Case Study
4.1. LCC Development in Taiwan
4.1.1. Policy and Initiatives
4.1.2. City Government Response and Actions
4.2. Pinglin LCC Project Advocacy Stage
- (1)
- Address local problems associated with potential soil erosion and water pollution in tea plantation areas, high energy costs associated with tea making, and poor living standards in community buildings;
- (2)
- contribute to wider local and national government policies for achieving 50 LCCs by 2012; and
- (3)
- act as an example for other rural, remote, and protected areas willing to establish self-supporting and sustainable RE systems.
4.3. Planning and Design Stage
4.4. Implementation Stage
“…The current community leader has focused on the economic development of the community and has devoted less attention to low-carbon homes, and due to the limited number of volunteers, it is not easy to promote the community…”
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. What Drives Community Empowerment, and How Can it Be Influenced?
- (1)
- Managing local social capital by increasing accumulated social capital for empowerment
- (2)
- Building trust and capacity through partnership to ownership
- (3)
- Comprehensive and long-term resource integration and initial funding is necessary to kickstart community empowerment
- Planners and designs: they lacked basic long-term participation in assisting locals and government in project implementation, owing to contract, time, funding, and resource constraints.
- Organizers: they were unfamiliar with the operations of green energy technology and was averse to responsibility and risks, which caused a shutdown.
- Government decision makers: government was periodically restructured, leaders were changed, the principal focus shifted, and political incentives were lacking.
- Community residents: they lacked confidence and capability; although they felt helpless toward the current situation, they were also afraid of the risk of loss vested in the benefits promised by changes.
5.2. What Drives the Feasibility of RE Development and EE Deployment in Pinglin
- (1)
- Energy price, maturity of community-scale RE technologies and financial systems
- (2)
- The transformative capacity of new green technologies as a project initiator
- (3)
- Land use and planning permission
5.3. What Drives Effective Work on Integrated 3E Assessment into Planning an LCC?
- (1)
- Transparent information and flexible approaches in micro data
- (2)
- Availability of appropriate technical and financial support
5.4. Planning Principles and Implementation Content Suggestions
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Planning Tasks | Spatial Planning Data | Energy Planning Data | Community Engagement |
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Local social, economic, environmental issues and values identification (see Figure 1) |
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Carbon footprint inventory (See Figure 3) |
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Pilot community selection | Criterion 1. The best accessible and visible for public Criterion 2. Effective combination of local attractions for tourism concerns | Criterion 3. Energy efficiency living style Criterion 4. Potential feasibility of mixed renewable energy resources | Criterion 5. Residents mobilities Criterion 6. Cooperation and action willingness (Political relationship and preferences) |
Renewable energy resource feasibility assessment | Criterion 1. Area of public Land Properties Criterion 2. Traffic and construction site accessibility | Criterion 3. Local geographic microclimatic environment, i.e., wind direction and speed Criterion 4. Amount of organic waste Criterion 5. Roof type/slop and shaded area of the buildings and maximum area of unused open space | Criterion 7. Residents’ willingness to take action to conserve energy use Criterion 8. Residents’ willingness to install energy saving and RE equipment **** |
Community spatial planning |
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Energy scenarios planning ***** | Scenario 1. The multi-functional land use model.
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Detailed Design | Priority design projects for implemented immediately and have visible results |
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Benefits and cost analysis | Overall community development benefits, such as improving the environment and increasing tourism development opportunities |
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Low Carbon Directions | Implementation Contents |
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Eco-planting | Planting native plants Rooftop greening Subsistence farming Impervious pavement improvement |
Low carbon building energy saving | Energy saving street light replacement Reuse of unused space in historic buildings |
Renewable Energy | Installation of solar panels on the temple’s square roof Installation of solar water heaters in the homes of community households |
Low Carbon Transportation | Bicycle charging station and small photovoltaic system time display Connection of electric shuttle bus |
Resource Recycling | Installation of rainwater recycling Water saving improvement of household toilets and faucets |
Low carbon living | Counseling B&B operators to conserve resources |
Principle | Implementation Content |
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Phase 1. Collective action commitments: Clarify stakeholders who have authority and existing organizational structure as well as resources under their management |
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Phase 2. Values and resources identification: Define community scope and environment, and analyze the situation of cultural, social, and economic development. |
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Phase 3. Carbon footprint inventory: The inventory of the energy consumption behavior model and volume of households and industries in the community serves as the baseline comparison value of the subsequent development of an LCC. |
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Phase 4. Optimized integration of 3E action plans: Analysis of the application feasibility, suitability, and efficacy of green technologies. |
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Phase 5. Flexible strategic energy system plans: Propose flexible diversified plans and rank stagewise carbon reduction targets |
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Phase 6. Digital performance monitoring: Evaluation indicators and performance transparency that assist in long-term implementation |
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Li, L.; Lange, K.W. Planning Principles for Integrating Community Empowerment into Zero-Net Carbon Transformation. Smart Cities 2023, 6, 100-122. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010006
Li L, Lange KW. Planning Principles for Integrating Community Empowerment into Zero-Net Carbon Transformation. Smart Cities. 2023; 6(1):100-122. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Liwen, and Klaus W. Lange. 2023. "Planning Principles for Integrating Community Empowerment into Zero-Net Carbon Transformation" Smart Cities 6, no. 1: 100-122. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010006