Influence of Hydrogen on Steel Components for Clean Energy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Aims
1.2. Background
1.2.1. H Economy
1.2.2. Hydrogen Embrittlement
1.2.3. Testing Methodologies
1.3. Significance
1.4. Approach
1.4.1. Hydrogen Characterization
1.4.2. H Influence—Static Strength
1.4.3. H Influence—Fatigue
2. Hydrogen Characterization
2.1. Permeation Cell
- Preconditioning makes a large difference.
- The solution used for cathodic charging makes a large difference.
2.2. Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy
2.3. Sieverts’ Law
3. H Influence—Static Strength
4. H Influence—Fatigue
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- The relationship was established between the hydrogen charging overpotential and the equivalent hydrogen pressure during cathodic hydrogen charging though the use of electrochemical permeation experiments and thermal desorption spectroscopy.
- This allows evaluation of the influence of hydrogen on the static and dynamic strength of these steels under hydrogen fugacity values appropriate to service conditions.
- The cathodic hydrogen charging conditions were equivalent to testing in gaseous hydrogen at fugacities of over a thousand bar.
- Under these hydrogen charging conditions, there was no effect of hydrogen up to the yield stress. There was an influence of hydrogen on the final fracture, which occurred at the same stress as for the steels tested in air.
- The influence of hydrogen was on the details of the final fracture: there were some brittle hydrogen induced fracture events, which occurred simultaneously with the overall ductile fracture of the specimen. In some cases, brittle fractures initiated by hydrogen, or DHF: Decohesive hydrogen fracture, initiated the final fracture of the specimen.
- The fisheyes were associated with alumina oxide inclusion, which indicated that these features would be less for a cleaner steel.
- Each fisheye was surrounded by such micro-void coalescence (MVC) fracture. This corresponds to MF: Mixed fracture, wherein a hydrogen microfracture mechanism (i.e., that producing the fisheyes) competed with the ductile MVC fracture.
- There was no subcritical crack growth. There was essentially no influence of hydrogen on ductility for the hydrogen conditions studied.
- At applied stress amplitudes above the threshold, fatigue initiation, for low cycle fatigue, occurred at a lower number of cycles with increasing hydrogen fugacity and increasing stress amplitude. This was caused by a decrease in the fatigue initiation period and by an increase in the crack growth rate. In the presence of hydrogen, there was flat transgranular fracture with vague striations with some intergranular fracture at lower stresses. Mechanical overload occurred when the fatigue crack reached the critical length. There was no significant influence of hydrogen on the final fracture.
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Steel | Composition, wt % | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Mn | Cr | Ni | Mo | V | Cu | Si | Al | S | P | Nb or Ti | |
NiCrMo1 | 0.09 | 0.88 | 0.52 | 1.04 | 0.60 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.017 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
0.08 | 0.91 | 0.48 | 0.98 | 0.60 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.018 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
3.5NiCrMoV | 0.22 | 0.23 | 1.67 | 2.77 | 0.43 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | <0.005 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
0.21 | 0.22 | 1.65 | 2.75 | 0.41 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.07 | <0.005 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
27NiCrMoV15-6 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 1.52 | 3.50 | 0.40 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.08 | <0.005 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
0.27 | 0.24 | 1.55 | 3.50 | 0.41 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.08 | <0.005 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
34CrNiMo6 | 0.38 | 0.59 | 1.61 | 1.5 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.025 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
0.38 | 0.60 | 1.63 | 1.49 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.026 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
Air or Applied Potential, mVAg/AgCl | Applied Stress Rate MPa/s | σY, MPa | σF, MPa | RA, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Air | 0.2 | 650 | 770 | 79 |
Air | 0.2 | 681 | 796 | 79 |
Air | 0.02 | 671 | 793 | 78 |
Air | 0.002 | 656 | 772 | 79 |
Ecorr | 0.2 | 719 | 841 | 81 |
Ecorr | 0.2 | 719 | 850 | 80 |
Ecorr | 0.02 | 710 | 818 | 80 |
Ecorr | 0.002 | 695 | 807 | 82 |
−950 | 0.02 | 737 | 840 | 36 |
−950 | 0.02 | 685 | 788 | 78 |
−950 | 0.002 | 693 | 802 | 73 |
−1200 | 0.02 | 702 | 816 | 64 |
−1200 | 0.02 | 678 | 784 | 75 |
−1200 | 0.002 | 687 | 798 | 72 |
−1400 | 0.02 | 685 | 792 | 64 |
−1700 | 0.02 | 680 | 774 | 50 |
−1700 | 0.2 | 688 | 811 | 72 |
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Atrens, A.; Liu, Q.; Tapia-Bastidas, C.; Gray, E.; Irwanto, B.; Venezuela, J.; Liu, Q. Influence of Hydrogen on Steel Components for Clean Energy. Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2020, 1, 3-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd1010002
Atrens A, Liu Q, Tapia-Bastidas C, Gray E, Irwanto B, Venezuela J, Liu Q. Influence of Hydrogen on Steel Components for Clean Energy. Corrosion and Materials Degradation. 2020; 1(1):3-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd1010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtrens, Andrej, Qian Liu, Clotario Tapia-Bastidas, Evan Gray, Bartolomeus Irwanto, Jeff Venezuela, and Qinglong Liu. 2020. "Influence of Hydrogen on Steel Components for Clean Energy" Corrosion and Materials Degradation 1, no. 1: 3-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd1010002