Conversion of Plastic Waste into Supports for Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application in Environmental Remediation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Plastic Waste Chemistry
- (I).
- Natural: provide the mechanical foundation for most plants and animals, as do carbohydrates and proteins. Examples of these are biodegradable materials;
- (II).
- Elastomers: have elastic properties, which recover their initial length after tension interruption. Examples of these are tires;
- (III).
- Thermosets: these are plastics that, during manufacture, are moldable at low temperatures and harden when heated, typically via chemical crosslinking reactions. Thus, when heated, they are not recyclable. For this reason, they possess excellent mechanical properties, namely dimensional stability, rigidity, and non-ductility, among others. Examples of these materials are formaldehyde and epoxy resins, among others;
- (IV).
- Thermoplastics: formed by macromolecules. Their main characteristic is that when heated, intermolecular forces are weakened, making them malleable, and when cooled, they solidify. This process is reversible, and this is their main advantage. Most plastics produced today are thermoplastics. There are different types of plastics based on their constituent groups and the type of materials used in their production.
2.1. Types
2.1.1. Polyethylene (PE)
2.1.2. Polypropylene (PP)
2.1.3. Polystyrene (PS)
2.1.4. Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
2.1.5. Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET)
2.1.6. Polyethylene/Polypropylene/Polystyrene (PE/PP/PS)
2.1.7. Low-Density Polyethylene/Polypropylene (LDPE/PP)
2.2. Physicochemical Properties
2.2.1. Molecular Weight
2.2.2. Degree of Crystallinity
2.2.3. Thermal Properties
2.2.4. Electric Properties
2.2.5. Chemical Properties
2.3. Optimization of the Properties of Plastics
3. Plastic Waste and Its Associated Health and Environmental Risks
3.1. Technology for Recycling
3.1.1. Mechanical Recycling
3.1.2. Raw Material Recycling
3.1.3. Energy Recycling
3.2. Factors Affecting Plastics Management
3.3. Recycling Issues and the Impact on the Environment
4. Relationship between Nanotechnology and Sustainable Development
4.1. Metallic Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Metal Oxides
4.2. Problems of Use in Suspension
5. Turning Plastic Waste into Valuable Products
5.1. Accumulation of Plastic Waste in the Environment
5.2. Polymeric Composites for Waste Recovery
5.3. Catalysis Opportunities: Supports for Heterogeneous Catalysts
6. Plastics and the Future
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types | Structure | Symbology |
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* PE | | |
PP | ||
PS | ||
PVC | ||
PET | ||
LDPE | ||
HDPE | ||
Others |
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de Assis, G.C.; de Jesus, R.A.; da Silva, W.T.A.; Ferreira, L.F.R.; Figueiredo, R.T.; de Oliveira, R.J. Conversion of Plastic Waste into Supports for Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application in Environmental Remediation. Surfaces 2022, 5, 35-66. https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces5010002
de Assis GC, de Jesus RA, da Silva WTA, Ferreira LFR, Figueiredo RT, de Oliveira RJ. Conversion of Plastic Waste into Supports for Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application in Environmental Remediation. Surfaces. 2022; 5(1):35-66. https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces5010002
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Assis, Geovânia Cordeiro, Roberta Anjos de Jesus, Wélida Tamires Alves da Silva, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Renan Tavares Figueiredo, and Rodrigo José de Oliveira. 2022. "Conversion of Plastic Waste into Supports for Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application in Environmental Remediation" Surfaces 5, no. 1: 35-66. https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces5010002