Maternal Education at Birth and Youth Breakfast Consumption at Age 15: Blacks’ Diminished Returns
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aims
2. Methods
2.1. Design, Setting and the FFCWS
2.2. FFCWS Sample and Sampling
2.3. Analytical Sample
2.4. Study Variables
2.4.1. Independent Variables
2.4.2. Covariate
2.4.3. Dependent Variables
2.4.4. Moderator
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Pooled Sample Models
3.3. Models by Race/Ethnicity
4. Discussion
5. Implications
6. Future Research
7. Limitations
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All n = 1926 | - | Whites n = 497 | - | Blacks n = 1429 | - |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | n | % | n | % | n | % |
Family race | - | - | - | - | - | - |
White | 497 | 25.8 | 497 | 100.0 | - | - |
Black | 1429 | 74.2 | - | - | 1429 | 100.0 |
Child gender | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Male | 980 | 50.9 | 258 | 51.9 | 722 | 50.5 |
Female | 946 | 49.1 | 239 | 48.1 | 707 | 49.5 |
Family structure (married parents) at birth *,a | - | - | - | - | - | - |
No | 1456 | 75.6 | 199 | 40.0 | 1257 | 88.0 |
Yes | 470 | 24.4 | 298 | 60.0 | 172 | 12.0 |
- | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
Maternal age at birth *,b | 25.32 | 6.15 | 28.15 | 6.58 | 24.33 | 5.67 |
Maternal education at birth (1–4) *,b | 2.25 | 1.01 | 2.90 | 1.05 | 2.03 | 0.88 |
Family income at birth ($1000 USD)*,b | 33.91 | 33.17 | 61.18 | 41.67 | 24.43 | 23.05 |
Youth breakfast frequency at age 15 (0–5) *,b | 3.20 | 1.92 | 3.48 | 1.83 | 3.10 | 1.94 |
Model | Model 1 (Main Effects) | Model 2 (M1 + Interaction) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | B (S.E.) | 95% CI | B (S.E.) | 95% CI |
Race (black) | −0.27 (0.12) * | −0.51–−0.04 | 0.50 (0.28) # | −0.05–1.04 |
Gender (female) | −0.53 (0.09) *** | −0.70–−0.36 | −0.52 (0.09) *** | −0.69–−0.35 |
Family married at birth | −0.09 (0.13) | −0.35–0.18 | −0.14 (0.14) | −0.41–0.12 |
Mother’s age at birth (years) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.01–0.02 | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.01–0.02 |
Household income at birth ($1000) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00–0.01 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00–0.00 |
Maternal Education at birth (1–4) | 0.05 (0.06) | −0.06–0.16 | 0.28 (0.09) ** | 0.09–0.46 |
Maternal Education at birth × race (0–4) | - | - | −0.31 (0.10) ** | −0.51–−0.11 |
Constant | 3.33 (0.24) *** | 2.87–3.79 | 2.78 (0.30) *** | 2.20–3.36 |
Model | Model 1 (White) | Model 2 (Black) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | B (S.E.) | 95% CI | B (SE) | 95% CI |
Gender (female) | −0.38 (0.16) * | −0.70–−0.07 | −0.56 (0.10) *** | −0.76–−0.36 |
Family married at birth | −0.27 (0.21) | -0.69–0.16 | −0.05 (0.17) | −0.39–0.29 |
Mother’s age at birth (years) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.03–0.03 | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.01–0.03 |
Household income at birth ($1000) | 0.01 (0.00) * | 0.00–0.01 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.01–0.00 |
Maternal education at birth | 0.25 (0.10) * | 0.04–0.45 | 0.00 (0.07) | −0.13–0.13 |
Constant | 2.78 (0.39) *** | 2.02–3.54 | 3.30 (0.24) *** | 2.82–3.77 |
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Assari, S.; Boyce, S.; Bazargan, M.; Caldwell, C.H.; Mincy, R. Maternal Education at Birth and Youth Breakfast Consumption at Age 15: Blacks’ Diminished Returns. J 2020, 3, 313-323. https://doi.org/10.3390/j3030024
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH, Mincy R. Maternal Education at Birth and Youth Breakfast Consumption at Age 15: Blacks’ Diminished Returns. J. 2020; 3(3):313-323. https://doi.org/10.3390/j3030024
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssari, Shervin, Shanika Boyce, Mohsen Bazargan, Cleopatra H. Caldwell, and Ron Mincy. 2020. "Maternal Education at Birth and Youth Breakfast Consumption at Age 15: Blacks’ Diminished Returns" J 3, no. 3: 313-323. https://doi.org/10.3390/j3030024