Solid Waste Management in Rural Communities of Developing Countries: An Overview of Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of the SWM in Rural Areas of LMICs
2.1. General Aspects Characterising Rural Communities of LMICs
2.2. Waste Characterisation
2.3. Constraints and Typical Waste Management Practices
3. SWM in Rural Communities of LMICs: Analysis of Recent Trends and Approaches
3.1. Management of the Organic Fraction of Solid Waste
- (1)
- to install a composting bin;
- (2)
- to separate recyclables;
- (3)
- to use the compost they produced in the homegrown garden.
3.2. Management of Other Waste Fractions
- Purchase and sorting of plastic waste;
- Washing of plastic;
- Burning of sorted-out plastics;
- Shredding;
- Plastic extrusion and granulation.
- More selective material intake to the recycling facilities;
- Personal protective equipment (PPE);
- Treatment of wastewater from washing and shredding;
- Gaseous emissions reduction for extrusion and granulation, for example, by using filters;
- To better organise the disposal of residues.
3.3. Summary of the Best Approaches
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Waste Generation per Capita [kg/(Inhab. × Day)] | Source |
---|---|---|
India | 0.18 | [28] |
Iran | 0.26 | [29] |
Iran | 0.44 | [30] |
Morocco | 0.57 | [31] |
Togo | 0.34 | [32] |
Colombia | 0.46 | [33] |
Country | Waste Fractions [%] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organic Fraction | Plastic | Paper and Cardboard | Metals | Glass | Textile | Woods | Hazardous | Others | Source | |
Mexico | 42.55 | 14.95 | 9.50 | 2.60 | 3.75 | 7.40 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 18.4 | [8] |
India | 74.00 | 4.00 | 7.00 | 1.00 | 0.40 | 2.00 | 6.00 | NA | 5.60 | [28] |
Iran | 50.98 | 13.58 | 6.07 | 0.47 | 2.09 | 12.53 | 0.44 | NA | 13.84 | [29] |
Iran | 47.38 | 6.98 | 6.30 | 6.32 | 4.42 | 4.13 | 3.95 | NA | 20.54 | [30] |
Togo | 38.00 | 11.00 | 7.00 | ≈1.00 | <1.00 | ≈1.00 | NA | <1.00 | 41.00 | [32] |
Brazil (Amazon) | 90.00 | 5.00 | 1.00 | 3.00 | NA | NA | NA | 1.00 | NA | [37] |
Thailand | 43.29 | 20.62 | 11.43 | 0.34 | 1.40 | 4.55 | 1.55 | 0.29 | 16.53 | [38] |
Thailand | 66.00 | 15.00 | 6.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.00 | 12.00 | [39] |
Waste Fraction | Suggested Approach | Notes |
---|---|---|
Organic waste | Decentralised windrow composting |
|
Organic waste | Composting bins at the household level | |
Organic waste | Anaerobic digestion at the household level | To contain biological risks faecal sludges have to be avoided, or a post-treatment for the digestate needs to be conceived |
Organic waste | Manual wooden low-pressure briquetting press | |
Plastic waste | Plastic recycling in rural craft villages |
|
Plastic waste | Reuse of plastic waste for some photovoltaic components | |
Plastic waste | Banning single-use plastics | |
Paper waste | Production of construction bricks | Value chain analysis is recommended |
Recyclable waste in general | Involvement of informal waste pickers | |
Recyclable waste in general | Temporary storage and subsequent dispatch to specialised centres |
|
Unrecyclable waste in general | Temporary storage and subsequent dispatch to sanitary landfills | The presence of transfer stations could be necessary |
Solid waste in general | Government supports and provides specific legislation to promote waste reduction and material reuse | |
Solid waste in general | International supports, funds and agreements | |
Solid waste in general | Promoting waste reduction and material reuse | |
Solid waste in general | Intermunicipal cooperation | |
Solid waste in general | Improvement of road connections |
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Vinti, G.; Vaccari, M. Solid Waste Management in Rural Communities of Developing Countries: An Overview of Challenges and Opportunities. Clean Technol. 2022, 4, 1138-1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4040069
Vinti G, Vaccari M. Solid Waste Management in Rural Communities of Developing Countries: An Overview of Challenges and Opportunities. Clean Technologies. 2022; 4(4):1138-1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4040069
Chicago/Turabian StyleVinti, Giovanni, and Mentore Vaccari. 2022. "Solid Waste Management in Rural Communities of Developing Countries: An Overview of Challenges and Opportunities" Clean Technologies 4, no. 4: 1138-1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4040069