Geochemical Fingerprint and Soil Carbon of Sandy Alfisols
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area Description
2.2. Soil Sampling and Soil Properties
2.3. Elemental Analysis
2.4. XRD Analysis
2.5. Weathering Indices
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Particle-Size Fractions
3.2. Carbon and Iron
3.2.1. Bulk Soil
3.2.2. Particle-Size Fractions Carbon
3.2.3. Particle-Size Fractions Iron
3.3. Elemental Analysis by pXRF and EDS
3.3.1. Bulk Soil (pXRF)
3.3.2. Particle-Size Fractions (EDS)
3.4. Correlations
3.4.1. Bulk Soil (pXRF)
3.4.2. Particle-Size Fractions (EDS)
3.5. Mineralogy
3.6. Weathering Indices
4. Discussion
4.1. Total Carbon
4.2. Carbon Storage
4.3. Elements, Mineralogy, and Weathering
4.4. Global Soils Database
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
B | B Index |
CTR | calcium/titanium ratio |
EDS | energy dispersive spectrometry |
PI | product index |
pXRF | portable x-ray fluorescence |
R | Ruxton ratio |
SEM | scanning electron microscope |
STI | silica-titania index |
V | Vogt’s residual index |
WIP | weather index of Parker |
WPI | weathering potential index |
XRD | x-ray diffractometer |
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Land Use | Horizon | Depth | Munsell | Total Carbon | Carbon Stock | Total Fe | pH | Clay | Silt | Sand | CF | Bulk Density |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(cm) | (dry) | (g kg−1) | (Mg ha−1) | (mg kg−1) | (1:1 H2O) | (g kg−1) | (%) | (Mg m−3) | ||||
Agriculture | Ap | 0–20 | 10YR 5/3 | 12.7 | 40 | 3077 | 7.4 | 20 | 90 | 890 | 1 | 1.57 |
Bw1 | 20–57 | 10YR 6/6 | 1.1 | 7 | 2809 | 7.3 | 0 | 60 | 940 | 2 | 1.70 | |
Bw2 | 57–108 | 10YR 6/6 | 0.9 | 7 | 5111 | 6.4 | 10 | 20 | 970 | 6 | 1.63 | |
Bt | 108–153 | 10YR 5/6 | 1.9 | 13 | 23,135 | 5.1 | 80 | 110 | 810 | 9 | 1.68 | |
C | >153 | 10YR 7/4 | 0.3 | 2913 | 5.2 | 10 | 10 | 980 | 7 | 1.68 | ||
Grassland | Ap | 0–14 | 10YR 5/3 | 12.9 | 27 | 3798 | 5.1 | 40 | 80 | 880 | 0 | 1.50 |
Bw1 | 14–40 | 10YR 6/6 | 3.7 | 16 | 8776 | 5.3 | 30 | 70 | 900 | 0 | 1.65 | |
Bw2 | 40–80 | 10YR 5/6 | 1.7 | 11 | 6800 | 5.5 | 20 | 50 | 930 | 1 | 1.62 | |
Bt1 | 80–100 | 10YR 5/6 | 3.5 | 10 | 14,468 | 5.5 | 100 | 70 | 830 | 3 | 1.51 | |
Bt2 | 100–190 | 10YR 6/6 | 0.8 | 11 | 9289 | 5.4 | 70 | 30 | 900 | 6 | 1.59 | |
C | >190 | 10YR 7/4 | 0.3 | 4273 | 5.3 | 10 | 10 | 980 | 7 | 1.59 | ||
Forest | Oi | 0–4 | ||||||||||
Ap | 4–21 | 10YR 5/3 | 4.7 | 12 | 6057 | 4.4 | 50 | 90 | 860 | 0 | 1.48 | |
Bw1 | 21–80 | 10YR 5/6 | 1.0 | 9 | 5335 | 5.1 | 20 | 50 | 930 | 1 | 1.49 | |
Bw2 | 80–123 | 10YR 5/6 | 0.4 | 3 | 3360 | 5.7 | 10 | 20 | 970 | 3 | 1.58 | |
Bt1 | 123–136 | 10YR 5/8 | 0.6 | 1 | 13,154 | 5.7 | 80 | 90 | 830 | 8 | 1.55 | |
Bt2 | 136–170 | 10YR 5/8 | 0.9 | 4 | 6130 | 5.4 | 50 | 50 | 900 | 9 | 1.57 | |
C | >170 | 10YR 7/4 | 0.2 | 2532 | 5.9 | 0 | 10 | 990 | 5 | 1.57 |
Index | Formula | Optimum Fresh Value | Optimum Weathered Value | Increase in Weathering Trend | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ruxton Ratio (R) | >10 | 0 | Negative | [14,30] | |
Weather Potential Index (WPI) | [30] | ||||
Product Index (PI) | [30] | ||||
Calcium/Titanium Ratio (CTR) | [31] | ||||
Weather Index of Parker (WIP) | >100 | 0 | Negative | [14,32] | |
Vogt’s Residual Index (V) | <1 | Indefinite | Positive | [14,33] | |
Silica-Titania Index (STI) | >90 | 0 | Negative | [14,34] | |
B Index (B) | [35] |
Land Use | Horizon | Depth | Si | Al | Fe | Ti | Ca | Mg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(cm) | (g kg−1) | |||||||
Agriculture | Ap | 0–20 | 228 | 22 | 8 | 2 | 15 | 23 |
Bw1 | 20–57 | 268 | 29 | 7 | 2 | 0.5 | 28 | |
Bw2 | 57–108 | 273 | 27 | 6 | 1 | 27 | ||
Bt | 108–153 | 210 | 37 | 29 | 4 | 1 | 26 | |
C | >153 | 294 | 14 | 5 | 0.8 | 23 | ||
Grassland | Ap | 0–14 | 252 | 25 | 10 | 2 | 0.3 | 27 |
Bw1 | 14–40 | 264 | 29 | 8 | 2 | 26 | ||
Bw2 | 40–80 | 281 | 27 | 7 | 2 | 27 | ||
Bt1 | 80–100 | 191 | 39 | 27 | 3 | 0.4 | 27 | |
Bt2 | 100–190 | 194 | 37 | 21 | 2 | 0.5 | 26 | |
C | >190 | 297 | 18 | 3 | 0.6 | 23 | ||
Forest | Ap | 4–21 | 243 | 30 | 11 | 2 | 27 | |
Bw1 | 21–80 | 264 | 32 | 16 | 4 | 1 | 28 | |
Bw2 | 80–123 | 247 | 25 | 8 | 1 | 18 | ||
Bt1 | 123–136 | 218 | 39 | 21 | 3 | 1 | 29 | |
Bt2 | 136–170 | 224 | 32 | 18 | 2 | 0.7 | 27 | |
C | >170 | 285 | 11 | 3 | 0.6 | 23 |
Land Use | ANOVA | Si | Al | Fe | Ti | Ca | Mg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture | Depth | *** | *** | *** | n.s. | *** | *** |
Fraction | *** | *** | * | n.s. | *** | *** | |
Depth × Fraction | *** | *** | ** | * | *** | *** | |
Grassland | Depth | *** | *** | *** | n.s. | ** | ** |
Fraction | *** | *** | * | *** | *** | ** | |
Depth × Fraction | * | *** | n.s. | ** | * | ** | |
Forest | Depth | *** | *** | *** | n.s. | n.s. | *** |
Fraction | *** | *** | ** | ** | n.s. | *** | |
Depth × Fraction | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Land Use | Horizon | Depth (cm) | R | WPI | PI | CTR | WIP | V | STI | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture | Ap | 0–20 | 20 | 14 | 94 | 8.40 | 16 | 0.31 | 86 | 0.48 |
Bw1 | 20–57 | 18 | 10 | 94 | 0.39 | 13 | 0.47 | 89 | 0.02 | |
Bw2 | 57–108 | 20 | 10 | 94 | n.d. | 12 | 0.44 | 91 | 0.00 | |
Bt | 108–153 | 11 | 12 | 88 | 0.44 | 13 | 0.61 | 83 | 0.05 | |
C | >153 | 40 | 8 | 97 | n.d. | 11 | 0.27 | 92 | 0.00 | |
Grassland | Ap | 0–14 | 19 | 10 | 94 | 0.20 | 12 | 0.42 | 87 | 0.02 |
Bw1 | 14–40 | 17 | 10 | 93 | n.d. | 12 | 0.50 | 88 | 0.00 | |
Bw2 | 40–80 | 20 | 10 | 94 | n.d. | 12 | 0.44 | 88 | 0.00 | |
Bt1 | 80–100 | 9 | 13 | 87 | 0.15 | 13 | 0.64 | 84 | 0.01 | |
Bt2 | 100–190 | 10 | 12 | 88 | 0.32 | 12 | 0.64 | 86 | 0.02 | |
C | >190 | 32 | 8 | 97 | n.d. | 11 | 0.35 | 93 | 0.00 | |
Forest | Ap | 4–21 | 15 | 11 | 92 | n.d. | 12 | 0.50 | 87 | 0.00 |
Bw1 | 21–80 | 16 | 11 | 92 | 0.35 | 13 | 0.49 | 84 | 0.04 | |
Bw2 | 80–123 | 19 | 7 | 94 | n.d. | 8 | 0.62 | 91 | 0.00 | |
Bt1 | 123–136 | 11 | 12 | 89 | 0.51 | 14 | 0.60 | 85 | 0.04 | |
Bt2 | 136–170 | 14 | 12 | 91 | 0.42 | 13 | 0.51 | 87 | 0.03 | |
C | >170 | 50 | 8 | 98 | n.d. | 10 | 0.22 | 93 | 0.00 |
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Yost, J.L.; Roden, E.E.; Hartemink, A.E. Geochemical Fingerprint and Soil Carbon of Sandy Alfisols. Soil Syst. 2019, 3, 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030059
Yost JL, Roden EE, Hartemink AE. Geochemical Fingerprint and Soil Carbon of Sandy Alfisols. Soil Systems. 2019; 3(3):59. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030059
Chicago/Turabian StyleYost, Jenifer L., Eric E. Roden, and Alfred E. Hartemink. 2019. "Geochemical Fingerprint and Soil Carbon of Sandy Alfisols" Soil Systems 3, no. 3: 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030059